Large Gravity Flow Deposits in the Member 1 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation, Qikou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
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摘要: 陆相重力流沉积是现今油气勘探领域的研究热点.发育在歧口凹陷滨海斜坡古近系沙河街组一段的大型重力流沉积体（沉积范围达到1 700 km2）具有多物源供给、长距离搬运、多级断坡传输、沿路沉积的发育过程与沉积机理特征.以渤海湾盆地富烃凹陷-歧口凹陷的大型重力流为研究对象，在构造-高精度层序地层格架下，以"源-渠-汇"的整体过程为思路，（1）研究多物源的形成、持续供给及匹配关系；（2）分析古地貌（断控陡坡带+多级断阶坡折带）的演化，及其对沉积物搬运、堆积、发育过程的控制作用；（3）针对该重力流具有大规模、多期次的沉积特征，解剖其平面展布及空间分布、沉积模式、时空演化规律；（4）综合探讨陆相重力流沉积体的成因机制、控制因素.综上可知：（1）歧口凹陷大型陆相重力流沉积体发育受多个物源体系的影响与控制，湖盆中心的重力流沉积体与供给物源之间有明确的匹配关系.在古近系沙一段沉积时期，滨海斜坡沉积区主要受北部燕山物源区的大神堂物源、茶淀物源以及西部沧县隆起物源区的葛沽物源和小站物源4个物源共同供给，持续的物源供给使得在歧口凹陷的陆相湖盆中，发育了大规模的重力流沉积体.（2）沙一段同沉积期，歧口凹陷滨海斜坡周缘整个古地貌格局主要表现为断控陡坡带与多级断阶坡折带复合体，断控陡坡带主要发育于滨海斜坡北部，多级断阶带主要呈近东西向发育于斜坡西部.这些断坡带既是物源水下搬运通道又是沉积物堆积的可容纳空间分布区，再加上这些断坡带差异性的持续沉降，对砂分散体系和相带展布具有关键的控制作用.（3）歧口凹陷沙一段重力流沉积过程机制主要表现为重力滑塌沉积、砂质碎屑流、泥质碎屑流、浊流等多种成因，具有横向连片，纵向叠置的沉积样式.Abstract: Continental gravity flow deposition is a research hotspot in the field of oil and gas exploration.The large scale gravity flow deposits (up to 1 700 km2) that developed in the Member 1 of Shahejie Formation (Paleogene) in the Binhai slope area in the Qikou Sag shows the sedimentary characters of multiple sediment sources, long distance and multi-fault transport, and preservation along the transfer path during the sedimentary processes. This study focus on the gravity flow deposits in the oil-rich Qikou Sag in Bohai Bay Basin. Under the sequence stratigraphy framework, the source-transport path-sink processes has been discussed. The aim of this study is to ① illuminate the formation of the multiple sources, the configuration relationship between different sources, and the origin of continuous sediment supply. ② analyze the controlling and evolution of the paleogeomorphology (fault-controlling steep slope and multi-step fault slope), sediment transport, the sedimentary develop mechanism in processes. ③ focus on the distributions, sedimentary patterns and space evolution of the large scale multi-stages gravity flow deposits. ④ discuss the formation mechanism and controlling factors of the gravity flow in Qikou Sag. The conclusions include:① the gravity flow was controlled by multiple sources. During the Member 1 of Shahejie Formation, the Binhai slope was supplied by sources from four different areas that include:Dashentang source from northern Yanshan Mountain, Chadian sources, Gegu and Xiaozhan sources from western Cangxian Uplift. The continuous sediment supply allows the large scale gravity flow to be formed in the lacustrine basin. ② the paleogeomorphology of the Member 1 of Shahejie Formation in the Qikou Sag is the complex of fault-controlling steep slope and multi-step fault slope. The fault-controlling steep slope is developed in the northern part of Binhai Slope, as the multi-step fault slope is mainly developed in the orientation of west to east in the west part of Binhai Slope. The fault zones play a role as the transport paths for the sediments and also provide accumulation space for the deposits to be preserved locally. The differential subsidence of the fault slope controls the distribution of the sedimentary systems. ③ the large scale gravity flow deposits that developed in the Member 1 of Shahejie Formation in the Binhai slope area in the Qikou Sag are mainly of gravity slump deposits, sandy debris flow deposits, muddy debris flow deposits, turbidities. The gravity flow deposits spread wide laterally and overlap onto each other vertically.
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图 2 "物源供给、地貌演化、源-汇过程"重力流沉积整体研究思路与技术路线
Fig. 2. The research technical route of 'sediment supply-geomorphology evolution-source to sink processes' for the deepwater gravity flow deposits
图 3 歧口凹陷典型岩心沉积特征分析
a~c.砂质碎屑流:块状构造, 漂浮的泥岩碎屑与撕裂变形构造.d~e.滑塌变形, 发育大量同沉积变形(塑性形变).f.浊积岩.鲍马序列a(3 410.12 m)、b(3 399.55 m), 块状构造沉积大量砾岩, 磨圆好, 分选中等, 且呈定向排列, 呈块状构造.c(3 295.00 m), 灰色细砂岩中夹杂大量的深黑色撕裂状泥砾, 呈块状构造; d(3 294.60 m), 发育大量塑性变形构造, 且夹杂撕裂状深黑色泥砾, 呈包卷层理; e(3 307.86 m), 呈滑塌变形构造.f(3 404.27 m), 呈平行层理, 多期鲍马序列的AB段重复发育
Fig. 3. Typical core sediment features of the in Qikou Sag
图 4 歧口凹陷沙一上亚段G4井垂向序列
Fig. 4. The vertical sedimentary features of Well G4 of Upper member 1 of Shahejie Formation in Qikou Sag
图 6 歧口凹陷沙一段岩石颜色分区
Fig. 6. The rock color distribution map of member 1 of Shahejie Formation in Qikou Sag
图 7 歧口凹陷沙一中+下亚段重矿物直方图
Fig. 7. Heavy mineral histogram of the middle and lower member 1 of Shahejie Formation in Qikou Sag
图 8 歧口凹陷沙河街组一下段沉积体系展布特征
据蒲秀刚等(2007)修改
Fig. 8. The sedimentary facies distribution of Member 1 of Shahejie Formation in Qikou Sag
图 9 歧口凹陷沙一下段古地貌格局、古地貌控沟谷及物源体系
Fig. 9. Paleo-geomorphology routing system and provenance system of Lower Member 1 of Shahejie Formation in Qikou Sag
图 10 歧口凹陷构造坡折带控相控砂体系模式
按照构造坡折带构型分为高斜坡、中斜坡、低斜坡, 分别对应沟槽控砂、坡折控砂与远扇控砂的沉积模式
Fig. 10. Sandstone distribution model of the tectonic slope-break zone in Qikou Sag
图 11 歧口凹陷三级构造坡折带地震反射特征
Fig. 11. Seismic reflection features of third order tectonic slope break in Qikou Sag
图 12 歧口凹陷三级层序格架下的构造坡折带连井坡面特征
Fig. 12. Tectonic slope-break well cross cestion under the third-ooder sequences framework in Qikou Sag
图 13 陆相重力流优质储层控制因素
Fig. 13. The controlling factors of the gravity flow high quality reservoir in lacustrine basin
图 14 岩相控制下的储层分布特征三角图
Fig. 14. The triangular plot of reservoir distribution features under the lithofacies control
图 15 矿物组份控制下的优质储层分布特征
a.B90, 4 372.1 m, 岩屑长石砂岩, 正4×, 石英含量25%, 长石43%;b.BH6, 4 534.4 m, 岩屑长石砂岩, 正4×, 石英含量26%, 长石50%
Fig. 15. High quality reservoir distribution features under the mineral component control
图 16 岩屑长石砂岩的颗粒粒间及粒内孔隙特征
a.(-) A1井, 4 298.0 m, Φ.11%, k.0.41×10-3 μm2; b.A1井, 4 310.7 m, Φ.10.9%, k.0.14×10-3 μm2; c. B3井, 4 182.6 m, 岩屑长石砂岩, 石英含量为26%, 长石含量为52%, 碎屑颗粒破裂; d.B4井, 4 336.4 m, 岩屑长石砂岩, 石英含量为27%, 长石含量为44%, 碎屑颗粒破裂; e.B4井, 4 336.4 m, 岩屑长石砂岩, 石英含量为27%, 长石含量为44%, 微裂缝; f.B1井, 4 413.4 m, 岩屑长石砂岩, 石英含量为28%, 长石含量为48%, 微裂缝
Fig. 16. Interparticle pore and intragranular pore features in lithic feldspar sandstone
表 1 不同沉积相带控制下的储层物性的非均质性特征
Table 1. Aeolotropic characteristics of the reservoir physical property under the control of sedimentary facies belt
层号 沉积微相 顶深(m) 底深(m) 厚度(m) 解释结论 孔隙度(%) 渗透率(%) 含油饱和度(%) 144 主水道 4 351.8 4 355.4 3.6 油气层 10.24 6.50 36.67 147 主水道 4 368.6 4 376.5 7.9 油气层 9.51 5.41 28.33 148 主水道 4 377.1 4 380.8 3.7 油气层 12.29 14.25 47.47 149 分流水道 4 393.8 4 397.3 3.5 干层 5.08 0.24 2.25 145 水道侧缘 4 358.3 4 359.4 1.1 干层 5.48 0.52 0.02 146 水道侧缘 4 362.6 4 367.6 5 干层 6.20 0.93 1.59 150 水道侧缘 4 398.3 4 399.3 1 干层 2.41 0.10 0 151 水道侧缘 4 402.5 4 404.6 2.1 干层 1.73 0.10 0 143 浊积席状砂 4 329.2 4 330.7 1.5 干层 6.14 0.89 4.98 152 浊积席状砂 4 411.0 4 411.8 0.8 干层 0.14 0.10 0 153 浊积席状砂 4 414.7 4 416.2 1.5 差气层 6.27 0.76 19.14 注:重力流砂体储层非均质性明显, A1井沙一下产层为扇体主水道微相, 其次为水道侧缘. 
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