Sedimentary Epoch and Depositional Environment of Yunzhug Formation in Gamba-East Asia Area, Tibet
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摘要: 前人对冈底斯成矿带的研究主要集中在新生代岩浆岩及其矿产方面,而关于其晚古生代沉积地层鲜有报道.近年来的冈底斯成矿带西段1:5万区域地质调查工作显示其出露大量的晚古生代永珠组的沉积地层.从野外地质调查、岩石学、典型沉积构造、孢粉化石、粒度分析、沉积地球化学等方面对永珠组展开了研究,结果表明,永珠组形成于晚石炭世(C2)Bashikirian-Moscovian期(中、晚巴什基-莫斯科期),孢粉化石中裸子植物花粉占优势(80%)、蕨类植物孢子居从属地位(20%).永珠组发育大量的水平层理、平行层理、粒序层理、浊积纹层、滑塌变形构造和鲍马序列等典型沉积构造.永珠组沉积岩表现出高Si(SiO2为60.94%~76.24%)、Al(Al2O3为9.24%~13.20%)、K(K2O为2.81%~5.47%)和低Mg(MgO为1.32%~2.82%)、Ca(CaO为1.19%~2.78%)、Na(Na2O为0.2%~1.87%)的主量元素特征,且具有明显高的FeO含量(3.31%~6.67%)和明显低的Fe2O3含量(0.14%~0.65%).稀土元素总量(174.24×10-6~278.39×10-6)较高,经北美页岩标准化的稀土元素配分模式不具Ce异常,Ce/Ce*=0.94~1.03.微量元素表现出Rb、Th、K等元素富集和Ba、U、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti等元素亏损的特征.永珠组形成于大陆边缘环境的陆坡-深水盆地,为暖温气候、中盐度环境下的海退沉积产物,是古特提斯在冈底斯地区的沉积响应.Abstract: The previous work is mainly concentrated in the Gangdise metallogenic belt in Cenozoic magmatite and mineral resources, but the study of Late Paleozoic sedimentary strata of the Gangdise belt is rarely reported.The recent 1:5 000 regional geological survey on western part of Gangdise metallogenic belt shows that there are a large number of exposed Late Paleozoic sedimentary strata of Yunzhug Formation.Taking the exposed Yunzhug Formation in Tibet area as the research object, the Yunzhug Formation sedimentary environment is analyzed through the geological survey, profile measurement, thin section identification, microfossils, particle size analysis and whole rock analysis firstly, and then the relationship with Gangdis is discussed in this study.It is found that Yunzhug Formation formed in Late Carboniferous (C2) Bashikirian-Moscovian (Middle and Late Bashki-Moscow period), sporopollen fossils by gymnosperm pollen is predominant (80%) and fern spore in subordinate status (20%).Typical sedimentary structures such as horizontal bedding, parallel bedding, graded bedding, turbidite bedding, slump deformation structure and the Bauma sequence are developed in the Yunzhug Formation.Yunzhug Formation sedimentary rocks show high Si(SiO2=60.94%-76.24%), Al(Al2O3=9.24%-13.20%), K(K2O=2.81%-5.47%)and low Mg(MgO=1.32%-2.82%), Ca(CaO=1.19%-2.78%)and Na(Na2O=0.2%-1.87%)compositions, with obvious high FeO content (3.31%-6.67%) and low Fe2O3 content (0.14%-0.65%).The ∑REE(174.24×10-6-278.39×10-6) is higher, and there is no Ce anomaly in the North American shale normalized REE pattern, and its Ce/Ce* is 0.94-1.03.Trace elements showed enriched elements such as Rb, Th, K, U, Nb, Ta, Sr, P, Ti and other elements.Yunzhug Formation formed in active continental margin environment, deposited on the continental slope and deep basin, as the product of warm climate, regression deposition in salinity environment, is in response to the Paleo-Tethys deposits in the Gangdise area of activity.
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Key words:
- Carboniferous /
- Yunzhug Formation /
- sporopollen fossils /
- particle size analysis /
- geochemistry /
- depositional environment /
- Tibet /
- Gamba-East Asia
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图 1 西藏南木林县岗巴-东亚地区地质简图
据潘桂棠等(2006, 2013).Ⅰ.喜马拉雅板块;Ⅱ.冈底斯-念青唐古拉板块:Ⅱ1.冈底斯-下察隅晚燕山-喜山期岩浆弧带;Ⅱ2.隆格尔-念青唐古拉复合古岛弧带;Ⅱ3.革吉-申扎弧后盆地带;Ⅱ4.它日错-班戈-那曲前陆盆地;Ⅲ.羌南-保山板块;Ⅳ.羌北-昌都板块;Ⅴ.巴彦喀拉-甘孜板块.①印度河-雅鲁藏布江板块缝合带;②工布达江断隆带;③狮泉河-永珠-嘉黎弧后蛇绿岩带;④班公湖-怒江板块缝合带;⑤龙木错-双湖板块缝合带;⑥西金乌兰-金沙江板块缝合带.1.年波组灰绿色、灰色英安质晶屑凝灰岩夹灰色块状砾岩;2.典中组灰色、灰绿色安山质、英安岩晶屑岩屑凝灰岩;3.灰色(含砾)中细粒石英砂岩夹粉砂岩;4.永珠组上段灰色、深灰色(含砾)细粒石英砂岩;5.永珠组下段深灰色、灰黑色泥质、炭质粉砂岩、泥岩、细砂岩;6.晚白垩世闪长玢岩;7.晚三叠世二长花岗岩;8.晚三叠世花岗闪长岩;9.晚三叠世石英闪长岩;10.晚白垩世二长花岗岩;11.地质界线;12.角度不整合;13.性质不明断层;14.实测正断层;15.实测逆断层;16.剖面位置及编号;17.飞来峰;18.产状
Fig. 1. Geological map of Gamba-East Asia area in Namling County, Tibet
图 3 上石炭统永珠组东亚实测地层-构造剖面(P12)
1.滑塌角砾岩; 2.细粒石英砂岩; 3.细粒含砾石英砂岩; 4.含砾细砂岩; 5.细砂岩; 6.粉砂岩; 7.泥质细砂岩; 8.泥质炭质细砂岩; 9.含砾粉砂岩;10.花岗闪长岩;11.晚白垩世花岗闪长岩;12.上石炭统-下二叠统拉嘎组;13.上石炭统永珠组上段;14.上石炭统永珠组下段;15.桂酸盐分析;16.孢粉分析;17.粒度分析;18.地质界线;19.实测逆断层; 20.实测正断层; 21.样品位置及编号; 22.产状
Fig. 3. The Upper Carboniferous Yunzhug Formation of East Asian measured stratigraphic-structural profile (P12)
图 4 永珠组孢粉照片
Fig. 4. Sporopollen photos of Yunzhug Formation
a.Pityosporites sp.; b. Limitisporites pristinus; c.Pityosporites evolutus; d.Klausipollenites tetragonius, e.Hamiapollenites obliqus; f.Protohaploxypinus explexus; g.Cordaitina sp.; h.Klausipollenites tetragonius; i.Verrucorpipollis sp.; j.Fuldasporites sp.; k.Angulisporites cf. Screupus; l.Discernisporites micromanifestus
图 7 岗巴剖面(a)和东亚剖面(b)永珠组粒度分析图
Fig. 7. Yunzhug Formation granularity analysis charts of Gamba (a) and East Asia (b) sections
图 8 岗巴剖面(a)和东亚剖面(b)永珠组C-M图
据Visher(1964, 1969);朱筱敏(2008).1.牵引流沉积;2.浊流沉积;3.静水悬浮沉积.NO段为滚动搬运;OP段为滚动+悬浮搬运;PQ段为悬浮+滚动搬运;QR段为递变悬浮搬运;RS段为均匀悬浮搬运.C值和M值分别为累积曲线上1%和50%处对应的粒径
Fig. 8. Yunzhug Formation C-M charts of Gamba (a) and East Asia (b) sections
图 12 永珠组源区构造背景判别图解
据Bhatia(1985);Roser and Korsch(1986).构造背景判别函数:F1=-0.0447 SiO2-0.972 TiO2+0.008 Al2O3-0.267 Fe2O3+0.208 FeO-3.082 MnO+0.140 MgO+0.195 CaO+0.719 Na2O-0.032 K2O-7.510 P2O5+0.303;F2=-0.421 SiO2+1.988 TiO2-0.526 Al2O3-0.551 Fe2O3-1.610 FeO+2.720 MnO+0.881 MgO-0.907 CaO-0.177 Na2O-1.840 K2O+7.244 P2O5+43.57
Fig. 12. Tectonic background discrimination diagrams of Yunzhug Formation
图 14 青藏高原古特提斯地体、缝合带与增生楔体系分布
据许志琴等(2013).CAOB.中亚造山系;TRMB.塔里木地块;IDB.印度板块;YZB.扬子板块;ALS+NCB.阿拉善+北中国陆块.QL.祁连地体;QDM.柴达木地体;ALT.阿尔金地体;WQL.西秦岭地体;EKL.西昆仑地体;NP.北帕米尔地体;CP.中帕米尔地体;SP.南帕米尔地体;BY.巴彦喀拉地体;SPGZ.松潘甘孜地体;NQT.北羌塘地体;SQT.南羌塘地体;CD.昌都地体;NLS.北拉萨地体;SLS.南拉萨地体;HM.喜马拉雅地体;GDS.冈底斯岩浆岛弧带;YD.义敦岛弧带;ANMQS.阿尼玛卿缝合带;JSJS.金沙江缝合带;LSS.龙木错-双湖缝合带;KXWS.康西瓦缝合带;ALTF.阿尔金断裂;LMSF.龙门山断裂
Fig. 14. Distribution of Paleo-Tethys terrane, suture zone and accretionary wedge system in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
表 1 永珠组地质时代对比
Table 1. The geologic age comparison of Yunzhug Formation
样品来源 化石 对应地质时代 措勤县(四川省地质调查院,2003) Annularia sp. 晚石炭世-
早二叠世罗仓地区(成都理工大学,2013) Agishanoceras sp. 早石炭世 南木林县岗巴-东亚地区(中国地质大学(武汉),2016) 以Protohaploxypinus含量高,Striatolebachiites和Noeggerathiopsidozonotrilete含量低以及Cordaitina、Parasaccites的出现为特征 晚石炭世 注:据成都理工大学地质调查研究院,2013西藏1:5万罗仓地区(H45E010005、H45E010006、H45E010007、H45E011007)4幅区域地质矿产调查工作. 表 2 岗巴剖面永珠组沉积岩粒度分析结果
Table 2. The particle size analysis of Yunzhug Formation sedimentary rocks of Gamba section
样号 岩性 1% 5% 10% 16% 25% 50% 75% 84% 90% 95% Mz σ SK K Bp6-6-1 砂质粗粉砂岩 3.30 3.52 3.76 3.83 3.94 4.20 4.45 4.60 4.73 8.00 4.21 0.87 0.38 3.57 Bp6-14-1 砂质粗粉砂岩 3.30 3.49 3.58 3.68 3.80 4.10 4.44 4.61 4.76 8.33 4.13 0.97 0.42 3.14 Bp6-35-1 细砂岩 1.64 1.99 2.09 2.21 2.33 2.63 2.95 3.13 3.30 3.49 2.66 0.46 0.13 1.00 Bp6-47-1 泥质细砂岩 1.56 1.77 1.92 2.05 2.19 2.71 3.23 3.52 3.99 8.89 2.76 1.45 0.41 2.80 Bp6-57-1 泥质中细砂岩 1.06 1.30 1.61 1.86 2.11 2.67 3.27 3.56 3.84 8.57 2.69 1.53 0.33 2.58 Bp6-64-1 泥质中细砂岩 1.02 1.11 1.22 1.44 1.69 2.22 2.95 3.34 4.50 9.00 2.33 1.67 0.45 2.56 Bp6-72-1 泥质粉砂岩 3.12 3.67 3.84 3.97 4.11 4.41 4.74 4.95 8.00 9.00 4.45 1.05 0.41 3.50 Bp12-15-1 泥质中细砂岩 1.55 1.73 1.90 2.11 2.39 2.87 3.40 3.69 3.99 8.75 2.89 1.46 0.36 2.85 Bp12-45-1 泥质细砂岩 1.04 1.20 2.01 2.24 2.54 3.01 3.52 3.81 4.75 9.00 3.02 1.57 0.27 3.25 Bp12-99-1 泥质粉砂岩 2.79 2.93 3.36 3.76 3.97 4.44 4.93 5.87 8.67 9.33 4.69 1.5 0.44 2.73 Bp12-124-1 泥质粉砂岩 3.04 3.21 3.35 3.49 3.75 4.09 4.56 5.23 8.67 9.33 4.27 1.36 0.51 3.09 Bp12-139-1 泥质粉砂岩 3.78 3.91 4.03 4.12 4.24 4.54 4.92 5.84 8.67 9.33 4.83 1.25 0.64 3.30 Bp12-140-1 泥质粉砂岩 2.37 2.68 2.91 3.10 3.30 3.66 4.09 4.56 8.67 9.33 3.77 1.37 0.47 3.41 表 3 岗巴-东亚地区永珠组沉积岩主量(%)、微量(10-6)和稀土元素(10-6)分析结果
Table 3. Major elements (%), trace elements (10-6) and REE (10-6) results of Yunzhug Formation sedimentary rocks in Gamba-East Asia area
岩性 深灰色泥质
细砂岩深灰色泥质
粗粒粉砂岩泥质
粉砂岩灰色细砂质
粉砂岩灰色粉砂质
细粒石英砂岩灰色细砂质
粉砂岩样号 BP6-9-1 BP6-14-1 BP6-54-1 BP6-62-1 BP6-66-1 BP6-71-1 SiO2 69.55 60.94 65.90 76.24 73.36 72.65 TiO2 0.63 0.84 0.66 0.44 0.51 0.50 Al2O3 13.20 16.08 13.89 9.24 10.50 10.48 Fe2O3 0.29 0.53 0.65 0.14 0.18 0.25 FeO 3.49 6.67 4.76 3.31 3.94 3.70 MnO 0.06 0.11 0.18 0.06 0.06 0.07 MgO 1.32 2.82 2.28 1.75 1.97 1.98 CaO 1.19 2.25 2.76 1.96 2.16 2.78 Na2O 1.87 2.65 0.20 0.93 1.27 1.21 K2O 5.47 3.59 3.50 2.81 3.05 2.97 P2O5 0.13 0.20 0.18 0.10 0.11 0.11 H2O+ 1.12 1.31 2.80 1.63 0.93 1.22 CO2 0.98 1.50 1.61 1.00 1.44 1.54 Total 99.316 99.485 99.377 99.601 99.487 99.465 CaO+Na2O 3.07 4.90 2.96 2.89 3.43 3.99 Al2O3/SiO2 0.19 0.26 0.21 0.12 0.14 0.14 Fe2O3+MgO 5.10 10.01 7.70 5.20 6.09 5.94 SiO2/Al2O3 5.27 3.79 4.75 8.25 6.99 6.93 Fe2O3/K2O 0.69 2.00 1.55 1.23 1.35 1.33 K2O/Na2O 2.92 1.36 17.71 3.02 2.40 2.45 Rb 155 177 186 117 124 121 Ba 807 769 709 550 586 566 Th 18.7 24.8 21.5 13.7 16.0 16.3 U 2.13 2.17 2.33 1.36 1.41 1.53 K 45 381.89 29 800.15 29 004.38 23 319.51 25 291.91 24 618.96 Nb 15.1 20.7 19.1 10.4 13.1 13 Ta 1.13 1.51 1.42 0.79 1.08 1.02 La 48.4 61.6 59.8 35.5 42.6 40.5 Ce 101 114 113 73 86 79.9 Sr 121 205 141 145 137 153 P 586.380 3 861.887 3 805.563 4 418.718 3 465.873 2 473.295 8 Nd 45.8 54.5 52.5 33.8 39.9 36.7 Sm 8.34 9.22 9.67 5.93 6.98 6.59 Zr 289 157 222 259 263 253 Hf 8.14 5.30 6.74 7.17 7.29 7.16 Ti 3 773.501 5 038.127 3 944.315 2 647.924 3 037.500 2 976.966 Tb 1.09 1.14 1.34 0.77 0.85 0.83 Dy 5.75 6.06 7.51 4.21 4.72 4.63 Y 28.5 31 39 22 23.8 23.5 Yb 2.81 3.01 3.81 2.20 2.39 2.41 Lu 0.40 0.44 0.54 0.32 0.33 0.35 La 48.4 61.6 59.8 35.5 42.6 40.5 Ce 101 114 113 73.0 86.0 79.9 Pr 11.3 13.1 12.5 8.1 9.6 9.0 Nd 45.8 54.5 52.5 33.8 39.9 36.7 Sm 8.34 9.22 9.67 5.93 6.98 6.59 Eu 1.66 1.77 2.18 1.26 1.34 1.24 Gd 7.89 8.44 9.44 5.58 6.37 6.07 Tb 1.09 1.14 1.34 0.77 0.85 0.83 Dy 5.75 6.06 7.51 4.21 4.72 4.63 Ho 1.12 1.19 1.49 0.83 0.94 0.93 Er 3.16 3.31 4.26 2.38 2.69 2.65 Tm 0.50 0.51 0.64 0.38 0.42 0.41 Yb 2.81 3.01 3.81 2.20 2.39 2.41 Lu 0.40 0.44 0.54 0.32 0.33 0.35 ∑REE 239.38 278.39 278.28 174.24 205.17 192.18 LREE 216.66 254.29 249.25 157.57 186.46 173.9 HREE 22.72 24.10 29.03 16.67 18.70 18.28 LREE/HREE 9.54 10.55 8.59 9.45 9.97 9.51 (La/Yb)N 12.35 14.68 11.28 11.59 12.79 12.05 (La/Sm)N 3.74 4.31 4.00 3.87 3.94 3.97 (Gd/Yb)N 2.32 2.32 2.05 2.10 2.20 2.08 δEu 0.62 0.6 0.69 0.66 0.60 0.59 δCe 1.03 0.94 0.96 1.01 1.00 0.98 表 4 典型环境下永珠组砂岩主量(%)和微量元素(10-6)含量及有关参数
Table 4. Major elements (%) and trace elements (10-6) contents and related parameters of Yunzhug Formation sandstone under different tectonic settings
特征值 大洋岛弧 大陆岛弧 活动大陆边缘 被动大陆边缘 平均值 SiO2 58.83 70.69 73.86 81.95 69.78 TiO2 1.06 0.64 0.46 0.49 0.60 Al2O3 17.11 14.04 12.89 8.41 12.23 Fe2O3 1.95 1.43 1.30 1.32 0.34 FeO 5.52 3.05 1.58 1.76 4.31 MnO 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.09 MgO 3.65 1.97 1.23 1.39 2.02 CaO 5.83 2.68 2.48 1.89 2.18 Na2O 4.10 3.12 2.77 1.07 1.36 K2O 1.60 1.89 2.90 1.71 3.56 P2O5 0.26 0.16 0.09 0.12 0.14 Al2O3/SiO2 0.29 0.20 0.18 0.10 0.18 K2O/Na2O 0.39 0.61 0.99 1.60 4.98 Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O) 1.72 2.42 2.56 4.15 3.45 Pb 6.9±1.4 15.1±1.1 24±1.1 16±3.4 27.1 Rb/Sr 0.05±0.05 0.65±0.33 0.89±0.24 1.19±0.40 0.1 Th 2.3±0.7 11.1±1.1 18.8±3 16.7±3.5 18.5 Zr 96±20 229±27 179±33 29.8±8 240.5 Hf 2.1±0.6 6.3±2 6.8 10.1 6.9 Nb 2±0.4 8.5±0.8 10.7±1.4 7.9±1.9 15.2 K/Th 1524±405 1296±250 1252±360 681±194 1627 Th/U 2.1±0.78 4.65±0.45 4.8±0.38 5.6±0.7 10.3 Zr/Th 48±13.4 21.5±2.4 9.5±0.7 19±5.8 13.8 Ti(%) 0.48±0.12 0.39±0.06 0.26±0.02 0.22±0.06 0.3 Ti/Zr 56.8±21.4 19.7±4.3 15.3±2.4 6.74±0.9 16.1 Sc 19.5±5.2 14.8±1.7 8±1.6 6±1.4 10.7 V 131±40 89±13.7 48±5.9 31±9.9 75.5 Co 18±6.3 12±2.7 10±1.7 5±2.4 11.3 Zn 89±18.6 74±9.8 52±8.6 26±2.4 63.6 Sc/Cr 0.57±0.16 0.32±0.06 0.3±0.02 0.16±0.02 0.16 注:据Bhatia(1985);Bhatia and Crook(1986). -
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