Fluid Inclusions Constraints on the Origin of the Xiaobaishitou W-Mo Deposit in Hami, Xinjiang, NW China
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摘要: 新疆哈密小白石头钨钼矿床位于中天山地块，是北疆代表性的钨钼矿床，但人们对其成矿流体性质和矿床成因类型了解得很少.矿床地质研究表明，矿体主要产于三叠纪黑云母花岗岩与蓟县系卡瓦布拉克群碳酸盐岩接触带，根据穿插关系和矿物组合，成矿阶段可划分为干矽卡岩、湿矽卡岩、氧化物、硫化物和碳酸盐5个阶段，白钨矿和辉钼矿分别形成于氧化物和硫化物阶段.流体包裹体显微测温结果表明，成矿早期（干矽卡岩阶段）流体为中高温、中高盐度的NaCl-H2O-CO2体系，成矿晚期（碳酸盐阶段）演变为低温、低盐度的NaCl-H2O体系.小白石头矿床为矽卡岩型钨钼矿床，流体包裹体特征指示流体混合及降温可能是矿质沉淀的主要机制.Abstract: The Xiaobaishitou W-Mo deposit is one of the typical W-Mo deposits in North Xinjiang, located in the eastern Tianshan Orogen. The ore body mainly occurs in the contact zone between Triassic biotite granite and crystalline limestone of the Mesoproterozoic Kawabulag Group. However, the characteristics of metallogenic fluid and genetic type of the Xiaobaishitou deposit remain relatively unclear. Based on the ore textures, structures and mineral assemblages observed, it is inferred that the deposit has been formed in a five-stage hydrothermal process, namely dry skarn, wet skarn, oxide, sulfide and carbonate stages. Scheelite and molybdenite occurred in oxide and sulfide stages, respectively. Microthermometric data show that the ore fluid system evolved from CO2-rich, probably magmatic hydrothermal to CO2-poor, meteoric fluid. The microthermometric results also suggest that metal precipitation resulted from fluid mixing and cooling. Here we propose that the Xiaobaishitou W-Mo deposit may be a skarn mineral system.
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图 1 中亚造山带构造简图(a)和东天山区域地质及矿床分布(b)
Fig. 1. Tectonic sketch of the Central Asian orogenic belt (a) and regional geological sketch in the East Tianshan, showing deposit distribution (b)
图 3 小白石头钨矿床1矿段No.8勘探线剖面
Fig. 3. The profile of No.8 exploration line in Xiaobaishitou tungsten deposit
图 4 小白石头矿床野外照片
a.围岩矽卡岩化，被石英脉充填；b.石榴石矽卡岩被萤石交代；c.石榴石矽卡岩贯入炭质灰岩中；d.干矽卡岩阶段石榴石被绿帘石交代，二者被更晚的石英交代；e.围岩中发育石榴石包体；f.绿泥石、绿帘石交代早期石榴石
Fig. 4. Photos showing the geological characteristics of Xiaobaishitou deposit
图 5 小白石头钨钼矿床成矿阶段划分及矿物生成顺序
Fig. 5. Mineral paragenesis and ore-forming stages of Xiaobaishitou W-Mo deposit
图 6 小白石头矿床矿石及显微照片
a.石榴石矽卡岩中浸染状辉钼矿；b石英-黄铁矿-黄铜矿脉；c.湿矽卡岩阶段绿帘石环带；d.氧化物阶段白钨矿交代绿帘石
Fig. 6. Ore samples and microphotographs of Xiaobaishitou deposit
图 7 小白石头矿床流体包裹体显微照片
a.干矽卡岩阶段的S型包裹体；b.干矽卡岩阶段W型包裹体；c.湿矽卡岩阶段W型包裹体群；d.氧化物阶段含NaCl子晶包裹体；e.氧化物阶段含KCl子晶包裹体；f.氧化物阶段不同气液比W型包裹体；g.硫化物阶段C型包裹体；h.硫化物阶段局部不同气液比的C型、W型包裹体共存，反映包裹体群沸腾的特征；i.碳酸盐阶段W型包裹体
Fig. 7. Photomicrographs showing fluid inclusions of the Xiaobaishitou deposit
图 8 小白石头床流体包裹体均一温度、盐度直方图
Fig. 8. Histogram of homogenization temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions of the Xiaobaishitou deposit
图 9 小白石头钨钼矿床均一温度-盐度散点图
Fig. 9. The homogenization temperature and salinity plot of Xiaobaishitou W-Mo deposit
表 1 小白石头矿床流体包裹体测温结果
Table 1. Microthermometric data of fluid inclusions of the Xiaobaishitou deposit
成矿阶段 测试矿物 类型 完全均一温度(℃) 冰点/子矿物消失温度(℃) 盐度(% NaCleqv) 密度(g/cm3) 干矽卡岩阶段 石榴石 W型 210~297 -5.6~-2.4 4.0~8.7 0.64~0.93 C型 271~288 8.9~10.0 湿矽卡岩阶段 绿帘石 W型 182~268 -2.0~-6.6 3.4~10.0 0.82~0.93 氧化物阶段 白钨矿 W型 199~228 -5.1~-0.7 1.2~8.0 0.88~0.92 W型 185~232 -4.8~-2.4 4.0~7.6 0.87~0.92 氧化物阶段 石英 C型 199~211 8.0~8.8 S型 212 318.9 39.7 1.18 硫化物阶段 石英 W型 151~245 -6.1~-1.1 1.9~9.3 0.84~0.96 C型 177~266 4.1~9.4 碳酸盐阶段 方解石 W型 124~201 -5.7~-0.5 1.0~8.8 0.90~0.98 
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