Geochronology and Ore-Forming Material Source Constraints for Rouxianshan Pb-Zn Deposit in Huayuan Ore Concentration Area, Western Hunan
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摘要: 花垣矿集区位于我国湘西-黔东成矿带，作为世界级的超大型铅锌矿床之一，预测储量超过千万吨，位于花垣矿集区中部渔塘矿田的柔先山铅锌矿床是区内典型的铅锌矿床.采用闪锌矿Rb-Sr分相法获得了柔先山铅锌矿床的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为412±6 Ma（MSWD=1.5，初始86Sr/87Sr=0.709 32），地质时代为早泥盆世，这一年龄限定了花垣地区铅锌矿床的时代.柔先山矿床的铅锌矿矿石流体包裹体、Sr-S-Pb同位素示踪研究显示，成矿流体可能是地层封存水与后期迁移流体的混合，成矿元素中的铅主要来源于围岩，硫由赋矿层位之上的含膏岩层经历热化学还原过程供给，铅和锶同位素特征都指示上地壳来源.Abstract: In Western Hunan-Eastern Guizhou metallogenetic belt, the Huayuan ore concentration area with ten-million-tons expected reserves of Pb and Zn, is one of the world-class super-large Pb-Zn ore deposits. Rouxianshan Pb-Zn deposit located in the center of Huayuan area, is a typical deposit in the Yutang ore field. This study carries out Rb-Sr geochronology study of sphalerites from Rouxianshan, and utilizes phase-seperation method to achieve an ideal Rb-Sr isochron line, yielding an Early Devonian age of 412±6 Ma (MSWD=1.5, initial 86Sr/87Sr=0.709 32), which is meaningful for constraining the ore-forming age in Huayuan area. The fluid inclusions, Sr-S-Pb isotopic composition of ore samples from Rouxianshan have also been analyzed. The results indicate that the ore-forming fluid may have originated from a mixture of strata-sealed water and transporting fluid, and the ore is characterized by Pb-Sr isotopic composition from upper crust. Further, the Pb in ores mainly comes from the wall rocks, and the S attributed to the thermo-chemical sulfate reduction (TSR) of overlying gypsum-bearing rock formation.
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图 1 湘西黔东区域地质简图及矿床位置
1.白垩系；2.三叠系；3.二叠系；4.泥盆系；5.志留系；6.奥陶系；7.上寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色薄层状含碳质页岩和石牌组中-薄层状泥晶粉砂岩；8.中-上寒武统；9.中寒武统灰白色中-薄层状泥质白云岩；10.下寒武统层状灰岩、砂屑灰岩、藻灰岩、亮晶鲕粒灰岩、白云岩；11.震旦系；12.板溪群；13.地层界线；14.不整合接触界线；15.实测或推测藻礁界线；16.矿带界线；17.根据重磁资料解释的深大断裂；18.地表断层；19.县城；20.柔先山矿床；F1.保靖-花垣断裂；F2.松桃断裂；F3.玉屏-铜仁断裂.图 1据陈明辉等(2011)、湖南省地质调查院(2011)、蔡应雄等(2015)、匡文龙等(2015)、胡太平等(2017)修改
Fig. 1. Geological sketch of the ore deposits in western Hunan-eastern Guizhou area
图 2 花垣矿集区柔先山铅锌矿床矿体、矿石照片和薄片照片
a.网脉状方解石-闪锌矿石(浅黄色为闪锌矿，白色为方解石)；b.细脉状闪锌矿矿体(方解石、浅黄色闪锌矿围绕灰岩角砾边缘分布)；c.铅锌矿石(团块状闪锌矿、方铅矿分布于灰岩晶洞中的方解石边缘)；d.方解石中成群分布的包裹体；e.方解石脉中的方解石和石榴石；f.脉石中的亮晶方解石(左)和泥晶方解石胶结物(右)，中间为黄铁矿脉；g.矿石中的闪锌矿颗粒，裂隙被方解石和白云石充填；h.矿石中的自形闪锌矿、方解石和他形黄铁矿；sp.闪锌矿；G.方铅矿；py.黄铁矿；cc.方解石；dol.白云石
Fig. 2. The pictures of hand specimen, fluid inclusions and thin sections of the ores from Rouxianshan deposit
图 3 湘西北花垣柔先山铅锌矿床闪锌矿矿物Rb-Sr同位素等时线图
Fig. 3. The Rb-Sr isochron line of sphalerite in Rouxianshan ore deposit
图 4 柔先山矿床中方解石和闪锌矿的包裹体均一温度直方图
Fig. 4. Histogram of homogenization temperature of inclusions in calcite and sphalerite from Rouxianshan deposit
图 5 铅同位素构造模式
数据蔡应雄等(2014)、曹亮等(2017)、李堃等(2017)、付胜云等(2006)、周云等(2016)
Fig. 5. Tectonic model diagram of Pb isotope from Pb-Zn deposits in Huayuan area
表 1 花垣矿区下寒武统清虚洞组沉积相及含矿层位
Table 1. The sedimentary facies and ore-bearing strata in Qingxudong Formation, Lower Cambrian, Huayuan ore concentration area
层位分段 岩性 沉积相 厚度(m) 矿化 1 白云岩段 灰白色厚层-纹层白云岩 潮坪相 70~120 2 鲕粒灰岩段 灰白色厚层块状亮晶灰岩-鲕粒灰岩-碎屑灰岩 台缘浅滩相 6~70 次要矿化层位 3 藻灰岩段 灰白色厚层块状藻灰岩藻屑-砂屑灰岩顶部夹透镜状灰黑色泥质条带灰岩及角砾灰岩 丘-礁相礁间通道向 8~125 主要矿化层位 4 泥晶灰岩段 灰-绿灰色中厚层砂屑泥晶灰岩 上缓坡相 10~50 5 条带灰岩 深灰色中薄层泥质条带灰岩 下缓坡相 50~100 
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表 2 湘西北花垣柔先山铅锌矿床闪锌矿Rb-Sr同位素组成分析结果
Table 2. The Rb-Sr isotope composition analysis of the sphalerite in Rouxianshan Pb-Zn deposit
样号 样品性质 Rb(10-6) Sr(10-6) 87Rb/86Sr 87Sr/86Sr 2σ 14YT-08 闪锌矿矿物 0.162 2 2.257 0.207 2 0.710 53 0.000 05 14YT-17 闪锌矿矿物 0.120 1 4.163 0.083 2 0.709 82 0.000 03 14YT-19GRE 闪锌矿矿物 0.156 5 4.333 0.104 1 0.709 94 0.000 04 14YT-21GRE 闪锌矿矿物 0.155 2 5.467 0.081 9 0.709 82 0.000 02 14YT-23YEW 闪锌矿矿物 0.050 9 0.369 0.398 5 0.711 66 0.000 03 14YT-23GRE 闪锌矿矿物 0.099 8 1.361 0.211 4 0.710 58 0.000 02 14YT-20 闪锌矿矿物 0.074 3 4.613 0.046 5 0.709 59 0.000 02 14YT-25 闪锌矿矿物 0.144 7 6.897 0.060 5 0.709 66 0.000 01
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表 3 渔塘柔先山矿床中硫化物的S同位素组成
Table 3. The S isotope composition in sulfides from Rouxianshan deposit
样品编号 测试对象 δ34SCDT(‰) 14YT-01 方铅矿 27.08 14YT-04 27.62 14YT-16 26.36 14YT-25 26.80 14YT-04 闪锌矿 32.51 14YT-16A 32.63 14YT-16B 33.54 14YT-25 33.19 注：CDT代表Canyon Diablo Troilite，国际标准物质迪亚布洛峡谷陨石中的陨硫铁，其δ34S值为0.
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表 4 渔塘柔先山矿床中方铅矿的Pb同位素组成特征
Table 4. The Pb isotope composition in galena from Rouxianshan deposit
样品号 测定矿物 同位素比值 206Pb/204Pb 207Pb/204Pb 208Pb/204Pb 14YT-2 方铅矿 18.114±0.003 15.698±0.002 38.306±0.004 14YT-20 方铅矿 18.102±0.003 15.682±0.003 38.283±0.007
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表 5 柔先山铅锌矿床流体包裹体显微特征及均一温度
Table 5. Summary of fluid inclusion data of minerals in Rouxianshan Deposit
样品号 矿物 包裹体形态 包裹体类型 大小(μmm) 气液比(%) 均一温度(℃) 盐度(%) 14YT-01 方解石 成群分布形态规则 富液 2~10 10~30 71~348 14.25~22.38 14YT-08 闪锌矿 成群分布形态规则 富液 2~5 10 77~80 15.27 方解石 均匀分布形态规则 富液 4~10 10~30 71~348 15.27~23.18 14YT-09 闪锌矿 成群分布形态规则 富液 3~5 10 85~103 16.43~22.44 方解石 均匀分布形态规则 富液 2~6 10 80~90 13.9~14.04 14YT-12 方解石 均匀分布形态规则 富液 5~12 10~15 95~180 13.94~18.88 14YT-19 方解石 成群分布形态规则 富液 5~20 15~20 110~244 1.74~12.85 14YT-20 方解石 成群分布形态规则 富液 4~12 5~10 83~125 20.45~22.24 闪锌矿 均匀分布形态规则 富液 4~10 5 65~104 20.45~22.38 14YT-25 方解石 成群分布形态规则 富液 4~20 15~25 121~273 4.80~12.96
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表 6 花垣地区部分铅锌矿床硫同位素组成特征
Table 6. Characteristics of the S isotope composition in sulfides from typical Pb-Zn deposits in Huayuan area
矿床 测定矿物 样品数 δ34S(‰) 资料来源 变化范围 平均值 柔先山 闪锌矿 5 33.19~33.54 32.97 本文 方铅矿 4 26.36~27.62 26.96 狮子山 闪锌矿 10 31.30~34.10 32.78 蔡应雄等，2014；曹亮等，2017 方铅矿 8 24.93~27.60 26.74 黄铁矿 2 32.80~33.00 32.90 李梅 闪锌矿 10 28.80~33.13 31.33 方铅矿 6 22.46~26.37 25.22 黄铁矿 2 25.70~34.66 30.18 耐子堡 闪锌矿 5 27.06~33.36 29.86 曹亮等，2017 方铅矿 2 23.96~26.59 25.27 黄铁矿 2 26.87~30.91 28.89 大石沟 闪锌矿 23 28.6~33.1 31.2 李堃等，2017 方铅矿 7 24.5~27.7 26.4 土地坪 闪锌矿 7 29.3~32.3 31.2 方铅矿 3 25.2~29.6 26.9
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