Biotic Influence on the Formation of Icehouse Climates in Geologic History
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摘要: 在地质历史时期的碳循环中，生物的作用很大.生物产氧光合作用消耗CO2而产生有机质与O2；有机质及生物成因碳酸盐岩埋藏又进一步固定CO2并减少O2消耗，所以生物产氧光合事件与冰期、成（增）氧期应存在因果关系.论述了5次事件，分别是：与产氧光合蓝细菌有关的古元古代初期大氧化事件（Early Proterozoic great oxygenation event，GOE）、与真核生物辐射事件有关的新元古代大成氧事件（Neoproterozoic oxidation event，NOE）、与早期陆生植物繁盛事件有关的晚奥陶世增氧和冰期事件、与维管植物繁盛事件有关的石炭纪-二叠纪增氧和冰期事件及与被子植物和浮游微植物繁盛有关的第四纪冰期事件.结果表明，5次成氧事件和冰期与生物事件有因果关系，主要表现为，都有冰期和成氧事件共存或相继出现的证据，反映大气CO2降低和O2增加同时或相继发生，而这只能由生物的光合作用及其产物的埋藏造成.这说明生物不仅仅是适应于环境，它也对环境产生重大影响，生物与环境的这种相互作用在漫长的地质历史中表现为协同演化.但是早期生物事件并不立刻产生成氧或冰期等环境效应，这种效应开始是微量的，逐渐积累，达到阈值后才发生质变，所以在时间上是滞后的.随着生物多样性和丰度的增加，这种效应越来越大，速率越来越快，滞后性逐渐减弱，耦合性日渐明显.生物与地球环境之间的相互作用构成了生物与地球系统的自我调节，使地球与其他星球不同，其表层始终保持在生命宜居的环境范围内.今天人类更要理智地、科学地善待地球，避免对地球造成重大的负面影响.Abstract: The impact of organisms on the carbon cycle since Proterozoic should not be underestimated. Oxygenic photosynthesis of organisms produces organic matter and O2 while consuming CO2. Burying of organic matter and biogenic carbonates further sequestrates CO2 and decreases the consumption of O2. It is thus reasonable that causal relationship should exist among oxygenic photosynthesis of organisms, icehouse climates and oxygenation events. In this paper, we discuss 5 events, namely, the Early Proterozoic great oxygenation event (GOE) in connection with oxygenic photosynthesis of cyanobacteria, the Neoproterozoic oxidation event (NOE) in connection with radiation of eukaryotes, the Late Ordovician oxygenic-icehouse event in connection with flourish of early land plants, the Carboniferous-Permian oxygenation icehouse event in connection with flourish of vascular plants, and the Quaternary icehouse event in connection with angiosperms and phytoplanktons. In these events, such causality is indicated by coexistences or successive appearances of icehouse climates and oxygenation events, reflecting atmospheric CO2 decreases and O2 increases, which are possible only through biogenic photosynthesis and successive burying of its products. Causal relationship among oxygenic photosynthesis of organisms, oxygenation and icehouse climate indicates the interaction between organisms and their environments. Organisms do not merely adapt to their environments, they also influence the environments. In the prolonged geologic history, such interaction formed co-evolution between the two. However, biotic oxygenation did not immediately produce oxygenic or icehouse effects in early geologic history. Such effects were minimal at first and accumulated gradually, and became efficient when reaching certain threshold, so usually delayed in time. Following the increase of biotic diversity, abundance and metabolic ability, its impact on environments became stronger, time-delay decreased and coupling increased. Such interaction between organism and environment forms the self-regulation between biosphere and earth system, which explains why, unlike other planets, the Earth's surface has been maintaining a habitable environment. The lesson for mankind is that we should treat the relationship scientifically, so as to avoid negative impact on our mother earth.
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Key words:
- biology /
- oxygenation event /
- glacial period /
- deep-time climate /
- coevolution
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图 2 地史时期大气O2和CO2浓度、冰期与生物演化事件的关系
4次成氧事件：GOE.大成氧事件(2 450~2 320 Ma)；NOE.新元古成氧事件(800~550 Ma)；OS.奥陶纪末成氧事件(445~400? Ma)；CP.石炭纪-二叠纪成氧事件(340~240 Ma)(Kirschvink et al., 2000; Canfield, 2005; Och and Shields-Zhou, 2012; Lenton et al., 2012; 梅冥相，2016).PAL%.与当代大气水平之比; 蓝色线元古宙部分据Och and Shields-Zhou(2012)，转录自Canfield(2005)，显生宙部分据Berner(2006)；绿线据Campbell and Allen(2008)；CO2浓度：红色据Kasting(1987)；紫线据Berner(2006)；其纵坐标均转化为对数坐标，故与原图有异；5次冰期：太古宙及古元古代据Evans(2003); Kirschvink et al.(2000)，与GOE对应的为Makganyene/Huronian冰期，其时代尚不确定，在其前后各有一次有疑问(带?号)的冰期；新元古代的冰期依次为Sturtian冰期(ca.720~660 Ma)，Marinoan冰期(655~635 Ma)，Gaskiers冰期(580 Ma)，时代据Gradstein et al.(2012)；显生宙冰期为奥陶纪-志留纪之交(OS)，石炭纪-二叠纪(CP)及第四纪(Q)，时代据Veizer et al.(2000); Isbell et al.(2003); Montanez et al.(2007)；生物事件：元古宙生物据Knoll(2014); Maloof et al.(2010); Ye et al.(2015); Yuan et al.(2011)；隐孢植物据Lenton et al.(2012, 2014)；维管束植物据Cleal and Thomas(2005); Chaloner(2003).虚线表示不确定
Fig. 2. elationships among atmospheric pO2, pCO2, glaciations and biotic evolution events
图 3 显生宙O2、CO2、冰期与生物的关系
大气O2%据Berner(2006)(图 17)；RCO2指某地质时期与近百万年(平均值)大气中CO2质量之比，据Berner(2006)(图 18)；CO2曲线还可参阅IPCC(2007)；碳埋藏量据Berner(2003)；冰期与冰碛物频率据Gastaldo et al.(1996)；植物据Lenton et al.(2012, 2016)，Cleal and Thomas(2005)；浮游微植物据Martin and Quigg(2013).其黑线代表丰度，红、绿色代表多样性
Fig. 3. Relationships among atmospheric pO2, pCO2, glaciations and evolution of organisms
图 4 石炭纪-二叠纪植物盛衰与冰期间冰期的耦合
气候、植物盛衰与冰期的耦合关系据Cleal and Thomas(2005)；维管植物分布及冰碛物频率据Gastaldo et al.(1996)；中国相应的海退、地层间断与海洋动物群转换据Wang et al.(2013)；维-密期指维吉尔期-密苏里期
Fig. 4. The coupling relationships between the wax-wane of terrestrial plants and glacial-interglacial transitions in Carboniferous and Permian
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