Depositional Process and Mechanism of Organic Matter Accumulation of Lucaogou Shale in Southern Junggar Basin, Northwest China
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摘要: 准噶尔盆地南缘二叠系芦草沟组页岩是重要的烃源岩和非常规油气资源储层，具有重大页岩油气勘探潜力.然而对准南芦草沟组页岩的沉积过程、古气候控制湖泊水文条件以及页岩中有机质的富集机理的研究相对较少.通过系统的野外地质调查和样品分析测试，主要利用沉积学定性分析和地球化学定量表征相结合的方法对芦草沟组页岩进行了综合研究.结果表明，研究区芦草沟组页岩主要沉积于盐度分层的半深湖-深湖环境；古气候在研究区湖盆流域具有独特的分带性，博格达东北部的古气候较温暖和潮湿，而博格达以西的古气候则相对干旱；博格达东北部较湿润的古气候引起该地区较充足的降雨，促进了湖水的盐度分层，同时降雨促进河流携带大量富营养元素的淡水注入湖泊引起了表层水体生产力升高，导致博格达东北部芦草沟组页岩相对于博格达西部地区具有更高的TOC含量；表层水体的古生产力与较稳定的贫氧-厌氧环境是研究区芦草沟组页岩有机质富集的主控因素.Abstract: The lacustrine shale succession of the Permian Lucaogou Formation in southern Junggar basin, Northwest China, is the most important hydrocarbon source rock and an unconventional reservoir. However, there are relatively few studies on the deposition process of Lucaogou shale, the hydrologic conditions controlled by the paleoclimate, and the enrichment mechanism of organic matter in the shale. In this study, the Lucaogou shale was studied comprehensively, based on the results of its sedimentological and geochemical test data. Results show that the Lucaogou shale was deposited in a semi-deep to deep stratified lake, which has anoxic, highly saline bottom and oxic, less saline surface water. The lake catchment of the study area has climatic zonality, which presents as that the paleoclimate in the lake catchment of northeastern Bogda was warm and humid and the paleoclimate in the lake catchment of western Bogda was arid. Elevated precipitation in humid climate provides fresh water rich in nutrients to lake caused relatively high paleoproductivity and promotes lake stratification, which led to relatively high TOC in the Lucaogou shale of northeastern Bogda. Organic matter accumulation in the Lucaogou shale was influenced by surface water primary productivity and preservation in stable anoxic bottom water.
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Key words:
- Junggar basin /
- Lucaogou Formation /
- shale /
- paleoclimate /
- organic matter /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 准噶尔盆地南缘构造地质简图(a)及研究区地层柱状图(b)
Fig. 1. Geological sketch map of southern Junggar basin (a) and stratigraphic column of the study area (b)
图 2 准噶尔盆地南缘露头剖面取样位置及TOC含量
Fig. 2. Sample location and TOC content of each section in southern Junggar basin
图 3 芦草沟组页岩的沉积特征
a.芦草沟组灰黑色页岩页理发育；b.水平且连续的纹层状构造；c.页岩中发生液化变形的粉砂质纹层；d.透镜状粉砂质条带；e.鱼鳞化石；f.残余鱼化石；g.介形类化石；h.植物碎片；i.氩离子抛光环境扫描电镜(FE-SEM)显示直径小于5 μm的莓球状黄铁矿及其周围发育较多的有机质
Fig. 3. Sedimentary characteristics of the Lucaogou shale
图 4 宋家沟剖面、杨家庄剖面及芦草沟剖面芦草沟组页岩沉积时期水体环境和TOC含量
Fig. 4. The water environment and TOC content during depositional of Lucaogou shale in Songjiagou, Yangjiazhuang and Lucaogou sections
图 5 研究区芦草沟组页岩的沉积过程及沉积模式
AA′剖面位置见图 1
Fig. 5. Depositional process and depositional model of the Lucaogou shale in the study area
图 6 博格达西部和东北部芦草沟组页岩TOC含量分别与Cu/Al、Ni/Al、V/(V+Ni)和V/Cr的关系
Fig. 6. The correlations between TOC content and Cu/Al, Ni/Al, V/(V+Ni) and V/Cr values of the Lucaogou shale in western Bogeda and northeastern Bogda respectively
表 1 缺氧环境和富氧环境元素地球化学判识指标
Table 1. Geochemical identification criteria of anoxic and oxic depositional environment
判别指标 缺氧环境 富氧环境 厌氧 贫氧 V/(V+Ni) ＞0.54 0.46~0.54 ＜0.46 V/Cr ＞4.25 2.00~4.25 ＜2.00 注：据Hatch and Leventhal(1992)，Jones and Manning(1994). 
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表 2 研究区芦草沟组页岩沉积时湖水的古盐度、古生产力大小、氧化还原条件以及CIA
Table 2. Paleosalinity, paleoproductivity, redox and CIA values of Lucaogou shale in the study area
剖面 样品号 TOC(%) B/Ga Cu/Al Ni/Al V/(V+Ni) V/Cr CIA 宋家沟剖面 S-20 2.1 5.24 4.21 3.65 0.65 2.20 45.20 S-19 2.5 4.95 4.34 3.45 0.75 2.10 46.00 S-18 3.2 6.21 5.01 4.34 0.79 2.80 48.80 S-17 3.8 9.41 5.79 4.79 0.80 2.63 46.80 S-16 4.0 6.38 6.56 5.43 0.82 3.00 56.21 S-15 5.0 3.45 6.44 5.87 0.68 3.40 55.23 S-14 5.6 1.95 7.58 7.53 0.62 1.87 59.23 S-13 5.5 2.14 6.38 4.91 0.80 2.47 54.85 S-12 4.9 5.64 6.20 5.87 0.70 2.07 63.89 S-11 4.4 8.91 5.07 6.01 0.69 2.15 62.11 S-10 3.9 7.43 5.90 4.54 0.75 2.21 49.21 S-9 2.6 5.56 6.46 4.21 0.67 2.90 58.38 S-8 3.8 6.89 6.01 5.01 0.77 2.80 50.98 S-7 5.2 9.52 7.57 6.66 0.69 2.59 68.79 S-6 5.9 8.80 7.74 5.46 0.74 2.23 69.96 S-5 5.3 7.21 6.78 5.56 0.80 2.30 59.70 S-4 4.4 6.23 5.23 6.12 0.72 2.70 57.80 S-3 4.9 6.88 6.23 4.11 0.68 3.00 50.89 S-2 5.4 7.13 7.36 4.89 0.69 2.40 47.67 S-1 5.2 7.89 7.45 4.67 0.70 2.80 46.21 杨家庄剖面 Y-24 4.9 7.46 7.68 5.55 0.79 3.77 62.02 Y-23 5.3 8.13 8.23 5.45 0.78 3.45 73.89 Y-22 5.5 9.98 11.88 8.90 0.83 3.52 80.53 Y-21 5.8 8.67 7.46 7.21 0.76 2.67 76.53 Y-20 6.0 10.29 14.04 7.96 0.87 3.83 59.02 Y-19 6.4 9.75 10.56 7.56 0.80 2.56 79.53 Y-18 7.3 8.45 15.21 10.56 0.92 2.72 85.45 Y-17 7.6 7.05 19.96 11.33 0.78 4.46 66.16 Y-16 6.5 9.78 9.98 9.21 0.90 3.21 78.53 Y-15 5.3 8.21 7.46 5.12 0.85 4.23 78.53 Y-14 4.7 7.82 8.76 4.68 0.92 3.67 85.45 Y-13 4.6 7.40 9.58 8.52 0.74 4.11 77.52 Y-12 4.6 7.34 9.51 8.41 0.69 2.92 80.55 Y-11 4.3 7.79 7.53 5.94 0.79 2.59 80.44 Y-10 5.2 8.95 8.21 8.21 0.83 2.87 75.89 Y-9 5.8 8.88 7.46 7.34 0.82 3.12 73.23 Y-8 6.8 9.34 13.98 9.89 0.84 3.56 82.53 Y-7 5.8 7.95 9.78 8.56 0.81 3.58 72.67 Y-6 5.3 7.36 7.21 6.76 0.78 2.88 71.02 Y-5 4.3 8.72 6.49 4.77 0.82 2.58 77.89 Y-4 4.7 8.78 9.44 6.42 0.74 2.95 73.90 Y-3 5.6 9.89 8.11 7.21 0.83 3.45 71.53 Y-2 6.4 8.95 9.13 7.17 0.81 2.40 76.53 Y-1 4.8 8.96 8.53 6.24 0.79 3.23 74.53 芦草沟剖面 L-25 4.5 9.88 7.85 4.88 0.72 2.89 76.34 L-24 5.0 10.35 9.34 8.02 0.85 3.55 72.67 L-23 5.3 9.45 8.78 6.45 0.73 2.67 66.34 L-22 5.9 7.15 7.56 7.45 0.78 2.47 80.33 L-21 5.6 7.31 9.59 4.99 0.81 2.84 74.57 L-20 6.0 8.67 11.04 8.89 0.79 3.43 68.53 L-19 6.5 8.88 9.67 9.89 0.79 4.34 73.89 L-18 6.9 7.46 12.78 7.10 0.82 2.68 81.21 L-17 7.2 7.46 10.22 8.44 0.84 3.64 78.44 L-16 7.5 8.72 11.34 9.56 0.73 3.23 83.67 L-15 7.8 8.78 15.23 12.45 0.86 3.88 81.89 L-14 7.2 6.89 11.81 8.41 0.76 3.36 67.56 L-13 7.0 8.33 9.66 9.98 0.74 3.34 82.55 L-12 6.3 7.52 9.89 6.56 0.85 2.96 79.45 L-11 6.6 7.14 10.67 8.21 0.82 3.33 79.33 L-10 6.5 5.58 12.39 7.09 0.75 2.92 56.11 L-9 7.0 7.45 13.66 10.95 0.73 2.97 73.22 L-8 7.3 9.74 12.81 10.23 0.88 3.11 76.34 L-7 7.6 8.51 10.43 10.89 0.81 2.45 85.77 L-6 6.8 7.42 9.12 9.24 0.73 3.01 80.65 L-5 6.2 6.65 10.31 7.31 0.69 2.31 77.85 L-4 5.8 7.45 7.88 9.22 0.82 2.66 73.74 L-3 4.6 8.95 5.97 5.76 0.70 2.87 70.55 L-2 6.8 7.34 8.55 8.66 0.73 3.34 78.66 L-1 7.3 6.07 15.80 7.97 0.71 2.89 68.74
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表 3 博格达以西和东北部芦草沟组页岩沉积时期湖水的古水文条件、TOC含量和CIA对比
Table 3. Ancient hydrological conditions, TOC content and CIA values comparison during depositional of Lucaogou shale between western and northeastern Bogda
剖面位置 古盐度 氧化还原条件 古生产力 TOC(%) CIA B/Ga V/(V+Ni) V/Cr Cu/Al Ni/Al 博格达山东北部 5.58~10.35
(8.27)0.69~0.92
(0.79)2.31~4.46
(3.17)5.97~19.96
(10.17)4.68~12.45
(7.91)4.3~7.8
(6.0)56.11~85.77
(75.56)博格达山西部 1.95~9.52
(6.39)0.62~0.82
(0.73)1.87~3.40
(2.53)4.21~7.74
(6.22)3.45~6.66
(5.15)2.1~5.9
(4.4)45.2~69.96
(54.90)注：表中数据范围为最小值至最大值，括号内为平均值.
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