Enrichment Factors and Current Misunderstanding of Shale Oil and Gas:Case Study of Shales in U.S., Argentina and China
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摘要: 页岩气富集不均匀，无论对于不同页岩油气藏还是同一页岩油气藏不同地方，产量都是有高有低.有必要系统分析和对比全球不同页岩油气的地质、石油系统与油气富集的关系，总结页岩油气富集的主控因素，从而采取合理的勘探和开发技术.以美国、阿根廷和中国典型页岩为例，基于野外和岩心观察、样品属性测试分析、储层表征、石油系统分析及油气测试，探究了页岩油气富集的主控因素及存在的认识误区.结果表明，富含有机质和脆性矿物的页岩主要分布于远离造山带物源的非深水的沉积和构造背景，富含石英和高伽马页岩并非判断优质储层的矿物和岩石物理标准，优质碳酸盐页岩应以富含碳酸盐和低伽马值为标准.页岩油气藏实际是细粒富含有机质的自生自储或与富含有机质烃源岩相邻的贫有机质细粒沉积储层.天然裂缝对页岩油气富集具有有利和不利的双重作用.因此，页岩油气富集同时受到沉积和构造环境、岩相及矿物组成、天然裂缝的耦合影响，且对不同沉积盆地、不同属性页岩的影响差异明显.Abstract: Shale gas enrichment is uneven, and production is different whether for different shale reservoirs or in different shale oil and gas reservoirs. It is necessary to systematically analyze compare the relationship between geology, petroleum system and oil and gas enrichment of different shale oil and gas plays in the world, to find out the main enrichment factors of shale oil and gas for the purpose of best choice of exploration and development technology. Based on the observation and description of outcrop and core, property testing of shale samples, reservoir characterization, petroleum system analysis, and production test, the shale reservoirs in the United States, Argentina, and China were studied. Results show that the organic-rich shale with content of high brittle minerals is mainly distributed in the shallow water sedimentary and tectonic background far away from the orogenic provenance. The high quartz content and high gamma value are not the evaluation criterion of high quality shale reservoir. The high quality carbonate-rich shale reservoir should be rich in carbonate and of low gamma value instead of being rich in quartz and high gamma value. The "shale reservoirs" are actually fine grained organic-rich shale reservoirs or the organic-lean fine-grained reservoirs adjacent to the source rocks. The natural fractures have both positive and negative effects on shale oil and gas enrichment. Therefore, the shale oil and gas accumulation is controlled by the coupling of tectonic and sedimentary environment, lithofacies, mineral composition, and natural fracture. These controlling factors vary in different basins and different shales with specific properties.
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Key words:
- shale oil and gas /
- enrichment /
- sedimentary settings /
- tectonics /
- lithofacies /
- mineral composition /
- natural fracture /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 页岩气产量与时间及页岩矿物组成的关系
Fig. 1. Relationship between shale gas production and time and mineral composition
图 2 北美页岩油气藏分布
图中不同颜色的页岩油气分布边界代表不同年代，比如中新世页岩油气边界为橘红色
Fig. 2. Shale reservoirs distribution in the North American
图 3 盆地构造和沉积背景对页岩油气储层分布的控制
剖面AA′和BB′的位置见图 2
Fig. 3. Controlling of tectonic and sedimentary settings on the distribution of shale oil and gas reservoir
图 4 不同页岩层序地层与垂向上富有机质页岩发育的关系
a.Mowry页岩；b.龙马溪组页岩；c.Marcellus页岩；d.Santonian页岩
Fig. 4. Relationship between different shale sequence stratigraphic framework and organic-rich shales
图 5 北美“页岩”油气储层的岩相
a.Barnett硅质页岩；b.Eagle Ford富含碳酸盐岩页岩；c.Green River页岩夹细粒介形虫灰岩；d.Niobreara页岩(白垩，储层)；e.Niobrara页岩(泥灰岩，烃源岩)；f.Bakken富有机质页岩夹白云岩储层；Barnett页岩照片据Bowker(2007)修改
Fig. 5. Facies of shale oil and gas reservoirs in the North America
图 6 Niobrara页岩岩性特征
浅蓝色为贫有机质但高孔渗的白垩，绿色部分为富含有机质和低孔的泥灰岩
Fig. 6. Lithologic characteristics of the Niobrara shale
图 7 南美洲阿根廷Neuquen盆地Vaca Muerta和Los Molles页岩的矿物组成
Fig. 7. Mineral composition of the Vaca Muerta and Los Molles shales in the Neuquen basin, Argentina, South America
图 8 南美洲阿根廷Neuquen盆地的Vaca Muerta和Los Molles页岩的TOC与粘土矿物含量及孔隙发育特征的关系
Fig. 8. Relationship between TOC and clay mineral contents, and pore characteristics of the Vaca Muerta and Los Molles shales in the Neuquen basin, Argentina, South America
图 9 北美Willinston盆地Bakken页岩油产量与受基底断裂控制的天然裂缝的关系
Fig. 9. Relationship between shale oil production and natural fracture associated with basement fault in the Bakken shale in the Williston basin, North America
表 1 美国、阿根廷和中国主要页岩层位基本特征
Table 1. Basic characteristics of the major shale formations in United States, Argentina and China
国家 页岩 沉积环境 构造背景 主要岩性 吸附气含量(%) 井底温度(℃) TOC(%) 成熟度(%) 粘土含量(%) 脆性 孔隙度(%) 压力系数 美国 Barnett 海相 前陆盆地 硅质页岩 35 82~98 2~7 2.00 10~30 高 4~9 1.2~1.4 Marcellus 海相 前陆盆地 富含硅质到富含粘土页岩 40 65~93 3~14 1.60 20~35 低 3~11 0.7~1.3 Haynesville 海相 被动大陆边缘 硅质和钙质页岩 17 132~177 1~5 2.15 20~35 中 8~15 1.6~2.1 Antrim 海相 克拉通盆地 硅质页岩 ＞70 26 0~24 / / / 2~10 0.8 Niobrara 海相 前陆盆地 白垩 油为主，25 93~115 2~10 0.98 ＜10 高 7~12 1.0~1.4 Eagle Ford 海相 前陆盆地 钙质页岩 油为主，20 168 2~6 / 15~25 中 4~15 1.2~1.6 Bakken 海相 克拉通盆地 硅质页岩、白云岩及粉砂岩 油为主，气很少 65~115 10~11 0.75 25 高 5~8 1.3~1.8 阿根廷 Vaca Muerta 海相 前陆盆地 硅质页岩 油气均有，40~55 90 1~7 0.60~2.00 15~20 高 4~14 1.1~1.4 中国 龙马溪组 海相 前陆盆地 硅质页岩 30~45 150 2~10 1.30~3.60 15~45 高 1~8 0.7~1.9 沙河街组 陆相 断陷盆地 页岩、砂岩和碳酸盐 55 80~138 2~8 0.50~1.70 ＞40 低 1~4 / 
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