Characterization and Controlling Factors of Sandstone Reservoirs in Basalt Development Areas: An Example from Comparison between BZ34-9 and KL6 Areas in South of Bohai Sea
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摘要: 渤海南部BZ34-9区与KL6区块位于莱北低凸起南北两侧，均发育新生代玄武岩并得到钻井证实，但储层特征差异明显.以三维地震、薄片、SEM以及X衍射等技术手段对两个区块玄武岩时空展布，沉积体系以及储层特征进行对比.研究表明，BZ34-9区构造位于缓坡带，供源速率中等.渐新世玄武岩为沉积期及准同生期喷发且位于砂体主体部位，优质层段形成白云石包壳、沸石胶结溶蚀、混层粘土包膜等成岩响应，整体对储层发育发挥积极作用；KL6区构造近物源，供源强烈，渐新世玄武岩发育在凹陷内部，对砂体影响有限，储层以高岭石及碳酸盐胶结充填为特征，在成岩期受郯庐断裂带岩浆热液影响，绢云母、菱铁矿重结晶等现象普遍.对比分析表明玄武岩对储层的影响受控于火山喷发时机、物源供给速率、砂体及火山岩配置关系等因素.Abstract: BZ34-9 area and KL6 area are located in the north and south of Laibei low uplift, respectively in south of Bohai Sea. The characteristics of the sandstone reservoirs in the two areas are of great differences in spite of the similar background of Cenozoic basalt development which has been proven by drilling. The contrastive studies on structural background, temporal-spacial distribution of basalt, sedimentary system and reservoir development have been taken combined with the analytical methods of 3-D seismic data, well log, casting thin section observation, SEM, BSE and X-ray diffraction. For the BZ34-9 area, braided river deltas were deposited on a gentle slope at low depositional rates. Syndepositional basalt flows occur in the upper and lower parts of the sand body and high-quality sandstone reservoirs are characterized by dolomite coats, zeolite cementation and dissolution, and mixed-layer clay coats, which collectively had a positive impact on the reservoir quality.By contrast, the KL6 area was situated on a steep slope and fan delta deposition occurred at a high rate. The Neogene basalt focused on the middle of the basin and had limited influence on the sandstone reservoirs which is characterized by abundant kaolinite and carbonate cementation. The Oligocene strata of KL6 area which situated near Tan-Lu fault zone has been greatly influenced by the Neogene basalt activities during the diagenesis stages. The magma and hydrothermal activity caused recrystallization of siderite, sericitization and prevailing precipitation of ferrodolomite. The basalt influence on the sandstone reservoirs are controlled by the time of eruption, source supply and the configuration of sandbody and basalt.
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Key words:
- basalt /
- sandstone reservoir /
- reservoir characteristics /
- BZ34-9 area /
- KL6 area /
- stratigraphy /
- petroleum geology
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图 3 火山岩溢流相-火山通道相地震相特征对比
Fig. 3. Seismic reflection characteristics of volcanic overflow faciesandvolcanic channel facies
图 4 BZ34-9区火山岩三维时空展布
a为BZ34-9区溢流相与火山通道相火山岩三维显示 (粉红色为沙一二段溢流相火山岩，黄色为沙一二段火山通道；红色为东一二段溢流相火山岩，绿色为东一二段火山通道)；b、c分别为沙一二段、东一二段火山岩俯视图；d、e分别为沙一二段、东一二段火山岩侧视图 (b~e中红色为溢流相，绿色为火山通道)；f.过井地震剖面，蓝色阴影为溢流相，红色阴影为火山通道；据朱红涛等 (2014)
Fig. 4. Spatial and temporal distribution of volcanic eruption phases in the BZ34-9 area
图 5 KL6区玄武岩三维刻画
a.火山岩溢流相与通道相三维显示；b、c、d.沙一二段、东一二段以及馆陶组火山岩俯视图；e、f、g.沙一二段、东一二段以及馆陶组火山岩侧视图 (橙色代表东营组溢流相，粉红色代表东一二段溢流相，红色代表馆陶组溢流相，绿色为火山通道)；h.过井地震剖面，蓝色阴影代表溢流相，红色阴影代表火山通道相
Fig. 5. Spatial and temporal distribution of volcanic eruption phases in the KL6 area
图 6 BZ34-9区块 (a) 与KL6区块 (b) 沉积相与火山相叠合
a1.BZ34-9区块沙一二段；a2.BZ34-9区块东三段；a3.BZ34-9区块东一二段；b1.KL6区块沙一二段；b2.KL6区块东三段；b3.KL6区块东一二段
Fig. 6. Distribution of basalt and sedimentary facies of BZ34-9 and KL6 areas
图 7 典型钻井玄武岩与泥岩黏土矿物分布
a.BZ34-A; b.KL6-D
Fig. 7. Basalt development and clay mineral characteristics of typical wells of BZ34-A and KL6-D
图 8 典型成岩矿物微观特征及能谱
I/S.伊蒙混层；C.绿泥石；Zeo.沸石；K.高岭石
Fig. 8. Typical diagenetic minerals and EDX characteristics
图 9 BZ34-9区与KL6区沙一二段储层成岩特征
a.碎屑颗粒表面白云石包壳 (dol)，BZ34-A，3 037 m，沙一段，扫描电镜照片；b.碎屑颗粒表面菱形体白云石晶体，A视域局部放大，扫描电镜照片；c.颗粒表面及粒间孔 (IP) 内栉壳状白云石及晶间孔，BZ34-A，3 084 m，沙二段，电子背散射照片；d.多期碳酸盐胶结充填，早期方解石胶结 (红色)，晚期铁白云石充填 (蓝色)，KL6-B，2 568 m，沙二段，单偏光；e.铁白云石充填交代石英颗粒，KL6-B，2 535 m，沙一段，单偏光；f.鳞片状高岭石等基质充填，压实，KL6-A，3 073 m，沙二段，正交光
Fig. 9. The features and diagenesis of reservoirs from Es1+2, BZ34-9 and KL6 areas
图 10 BZ34-9区与KL6区东三段控制性成岩作用
a.沸石充填粒间孔 (Z) 并次生溶蚀，BZ34-A，2 944 m，Ed3，单偏光；b.石英溶蚀呈现港湾状，BZ34-A，2 944 m，东三段，单偏光；c.混层粘土包膜，抑制石英加大，BZ34-A，2 944 m，Ed3，扫描电镜照片；d.方解石胶结 (Cal) 及钠长石化 (红色箭头)，BZ34-A，2 944 m，东三段，电子背散射照片；e.菱铁矿 (S) 致密胶结交代颗粒，KL6-D，2 928.68 m，东三段，正交光；f.方解石 (红)+菱铁矿 (S) 铁白云石 (Ank) 胶结，KL6-D，3 096.61 m，东三段，单偏光；g.高岭石 (K) 致密胶结及铁白云石充填孔隙 (Ank)，KL6-D，3 035 m，东三段，电子背散射照片；h.岩屑沿变质岩颗粒缝合线 (红色箭头) 溶蚀，KL6-D，2 928 m，东三段，电子背散射照片
Fig. 10. The features and diagenesis of reservoirs from Ed3, BZ34-9 and KL6 areas
图 11 BZ34-9区与KL6区东三段控制性成岩作用
a.沸石胶结 (Z) 全貌，BZ34-A，2 280 m，东二段，单偏光；b.粒间见沸石 (Z) 溶蚀，点状分布，蓝色铸体，BZ34-A，2 265 m，东二段，单偏光；c.多期沸石充填，伴生绿泥石环边 (C)，BZ34-A，2 351 m，东二段，单偏光；d.储层分选差，大小混杂，压实强度大，KL6-D，2 389 m，东二段，电子背散射照片；e.长石钠长石化与溶蚀，KL6-D，2 389 m东二段，电子背散射照片；f.高岭石胶结与充填 (K)，KL6-D，2 389 m，东二段，电子背散射照片
Fig. 11. The features and diagenesis of reservoirs from Ed1+2, BZ34-9 and KL6 areas
图 12 KL6区热液作用矿物特征
a.KL6-A井2 543.00 m，长石绢云母化，正交光；b.KL6-A井2 492.50 m，长石绢云母化，正交光；c.KL6-B井，2 600.00 m，长石绢云母化，正交光；d.KL6-D井，2 925.98 m，块状菱铁矿 (黑色块状)，单偏光；e.KL6-D井，2 926.78 m，菱铁矿铁白云石化，单偏光；f.KL6-D，3 098.55 m，菱形体菱铁矿，扫描电镜照片
Fig. 12. The reservoir characteristics of KL6 area influenced by hydrothermal activities
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