System and Method of Geocryology in Engineering Geology
-
摘要: 冻土属土质学范畴内的一种“特殊”土类，以地学研究的问题类型和俄罗斯工程地质学理论为基础，利用科学哲学的手段对冻土学研究的问题、系统类型、学科结构、研究任务、科学方法等方面进行了阐述.首先，对冻土进行了重新定义，从冻土的形态多样性入手说明了冻土学的研究对象；其次，提出冻土学中“今日”、“昨日”和“明日”3个问题；再次，针对冻土学研究的系统类型，并结合工程、冻土和环境的动态变化关系，将冻土学研究系统分为冻土-工程系统和冻土-环境系统，并从各个子系统(圈)的动态变化入手深入阐述其相互作用和相互制约的关系；然后，将广义工程地质学的学科结构应用于冻土学，并针对现今冻土学的发展状况，简要地展望了冻土学未来的理论-方法研究任务；最后对冻土学的科学研究方法进行了分类，并在此基础上阐述了冻土学与其他学科的相互联系.Abstract: Frozen soil is categorized as a "special" soil type in soil science. We use principles of philosophy to describe research issues, system types, discipline structure, research objectives and research methodology for geocryology in this paper, on the basis of problem types of geology and Russian theories of engineering geology. First, frozen soil is redefined, and then the research objectives of frozen soil are illustrated from their morphological diversity; secondly, three problem types in the field of frozen soil are generalized as follows: "issues of today", "issues of yesterday" and "issues of tomorrow"; thirdly, the research system of geocryology is divided into the permafrost-engineering system, and the permafrost-environment system, according to its system types and the dynamic change among engineering, frozen soil and environment, and the interaction and mutual conditioning of its various subsystems (circle) are expounded; fourthly, the prospection of theory and practice of geocryology is discussed in the framework of discipline structure of general engineering geology; finally the research methods of geocryology are classified, and the interrelation between the frozen soil and other disciplines is explained.
-
Key words:
- engineering geology /
- geocryology /
- theoretical research /
- research missions /
- scientific method /
- discipline structure
-
图 2 冻土学研究问题的类型：“今日”问题(形态学)、“昨日”问题(成因)和“明日”问题(预测)
Fig. 2. The types of researchable problem in Geocryology: problem of "Today"(morphology), problem of "Yesterday"(genesis) and problem of "Tomorrow"(prediction and forecast)
图 3 土质学中的系统研究类型
a.现实状态的自然-地质系统；b.理想状态的自然-工程-地质系统；c.现实状态的自然-工程-地质系统；据Trofimov et al.(2005)
Fig. 3. The types of researchable systerm in soil science
图 4 冻土、工程、环境及人类社会的相互关系
Fig. 4. Relationships among permafrost, engineering, environment and human society
图 8 冻土学的学科结构
Ⅰ.土质学；Ⅱ.工程地质动力学；Ⅲ.区域工程地质学；1.冻土土质学；2.冻土工程地质动力学；3.冻土区域工程地质学；a.冻土工程地质动力土质学；b.冻土区域工程动力地质学；c.冻土区域土质学
Fig. 8. Structure of disciplines in geocryology
-
[1] Brewer, M.C., 1983.Petroleum Exploration and Protection of the Environment on the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska.Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Permafrost, Vol.2, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 133-134. [2] Brewer, M.C., 1983.Petroleum Exploration and Protection of the Environment on the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska.Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Permafrost, Vol.2, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 133-134. [3] Brown, J., Ferrians, O.J.J., Heginbottom, J.A., et al., 1997.International Permafrost Association Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground Ice Conditions.U.S.Geological Survey, Baltimore. doi: 10.1080/10889370802175895?src=recsys [4] Cheng, G.D., 2002.Interaction between Qinghai-Tibet Railway Engineering and Permafrost and Environmental Effects.Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17(1):21-25(in Chinese with English abstract). [5] Cheng, G.D., 2005.Geocryology of China in the Past 50 Years:Progress and Prospect.In:Ma, W., ed., Research Monograph of Cold and Arid Regions Engineering and Environment—A Collection of the Papers Dedicated to the 70th Birthday of Academician Cheng Guodong.Lanzhou University Press, Lanzhou, 57-83(in Chinese). [6] Cheng, G.D., Zhou, Y.W., 1988.State of the Art and Prospect of Geocryology in China.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 10(3):221-227(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292357382_State_of_the_art_and_prospect_of_energy_dissipation_technology_in_China_mainland [7] Dictionary Editorial Office of Language Institute, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, ed., 2012.A Dictionary of the Modern Chinese Language (Sixth Edition).The Commercial Press, Beijing (in Chinese). [8] French, H.M., 1998.An Appraisal of Cryostratigraphy in North-West Arctic Canada.Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 9(4):297-312.doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1530(199810/12)9:4 < 297::aid-ppp296 > 3.0.co; 2-b [9] Glen, J.W., 1987.Ice Physics-One of the Most Common Subatances Continues to Pose Interesting Problems.Translated by Zhou, T., Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 9(3):215-220 (in Chinese). http://www.phys.virginia.edu/Announcements/talk-list.asp?GID=speakers_committee&PERIOD=all&OMITNULL=1 [10] Guo, Z.G., Niu, F.J., Zhan, H., et al., 2007.Changes of Grassland Ecosystem due to Degradation of Permafrost Frozen Soil in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 27(8):3294-3301(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-STXB200708025.htm [11] Li, X., Cheng, G.D., 2002.Review on the Interaction Models between Climatic System and Frozen Soil.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 24(3):315-321(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT200203016.htm [12] Li, Z.C., 1995.Encyclopedia Methodique (Ⅲ)-Natural Science Methods.Nanjing University Press, Nanjing (in Chinese). [13] Lin, Z.J., Niu, F.J., Luo, J., et al., 2015.Thermal Regime at Bottom of Thermokarst Lakes along Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor.Earth Science, 40(1):179-188(in Chinese with English abstract). [14] Luo, D.L., Jin, H.J., He, R.X., et al., 2014.Responses of Surface Vegetation on Soil Temperature and Moisture of the Active Layer in the Source Area of the Yellow River.Earth Science, 39(4):421-430(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.1007/s12665-015-5229-2 [15] Ma, W., Cheng, G.D., Wu, Q.B., 2009.Construction on Permafrost Foundations:Lessons Learned from the Qinghai-Tibet Railroad.Cold Regions Science and Technology, 59(1):3-11.doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.07.007 [16] Ma, W., Niu, F.J., Mu, Y.H., 2012.Basic Research on the Major Permafrost Projects in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Advances in Earth Science, 27(11):1185-1191(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.1002/ppp.1755/references [17] McCarthy, J.J., Canziani, O.F., Leary, N.A., et al., 2001.Climate Change:Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability.Cambridge Univ.Press, Cambridge, 801-841. [18] Nelson, F.E., Anisimov, O.A., Shiklomanov.N.I., 2002.Climate Change and Hazard Zonation in the Circum-Arctic Permafrost Regions.Natural Hazards, 26(3):203-225. doi: 10.1023/A:1015612918401 [19] Nelson, F.E., 2003.(Un)frozen in Time.Science, 299(5613):1673-1675.doi: 10.1126/science.1081111 [20] Petrenko, V.F., Whitworth, R.W., 1999.Physics of Ice.Oxford University Press, Oxford. [21] Sergeev, E.M., 1985.Theoretical Foundations of Engineering Geology.Geological Basics.Nedra Press, Moscow (in Russian). [22] Stendel, M., Christensen, J.H., 2002.Impact of Global Warming on Permafrost Conditions in a Coupled GCM.Geophysical Research Letters, 29(13):10-1─10-4.doi: 10.1029/2001gl014345 [23] Trofimov, V.T., Korolev, V.A., Voznesensky, E.A., et al., 2005.Soil Science.Moscow State University Press, Moscow (in Russian). [24] Wang, G.X., Hu, H.C., Wang, Y.B., et al., 2007.Response of Alpine Cold Ecosystem Biomass to Climate Changes in Permafrost Regions of the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 29(5):671-697(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT200705002.htm [25] Williams, P.J., Smith, M.W., 1989.The Frozen Earth:Fundamentals of Geocryology.Cambridge University Press, New York. [26] Wu, Q.B., Liu, Y.Z., Tong, C.J., et al., 2000.Interaction between Frozen Soil Environment and Engineering Environment in Cold Regions.Journal of Engineering Geology, 8(3):281-287(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GCDZ200003004.htm [27] Wu, Q.B., Shen, Y.P., Shi, B., 2003.Relationship between Frozen Soil Together with Its Water-Heat Process and Ecological Environment in the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 25(3):250-255(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT200303001.htm [28] Yang, Z.P., Ou, Y.H., Xu, X.L.et al., 2010.Effects of Permafrost Degradation on Ecosystems.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30(1):33-39.doi: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2009.12.006 [29] Yao, T.D., Qin, D.H., Shen, Y.P., et al., 2013.Cryospheric Changes and Their Impacts on Regional Water Cycle and Ecological Conditions in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Chinese Journal of Nature, 35(3):179-186(in Chinese). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZRZZ201303004.htm [30] Yershov, E.D., 1995.General Geocryology:I-General Physic-Chemical in Geocryology.Moscow State University Press, Moscow (in Russian). [31] Yuan, C., Bao, J.Q., Xu, W.M., 1993.Research Methodology of Science and Technology.Zhejiang University Press (in Chinese). [32] Zhou, Y.W., Guo, D.X., Qiu, G.Q., et al., 2000.Geocryology in China.Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese). [33] Zhou, Y.W., Wu, Z.W., 2010.The Permafrost in the North of Greater Khingan Prefecture.In:Wu, Z.W., Zhou, Y.W., ed., Permafrost Research 50 Years:Wu Ziwang, Zhou Youwu Research Corpus.Science Press, Beijing, 38-55(in Chinese). [34] Bertalanffy, 1987. 一般系统论(基础·发展·应用). 林康义, 魏宏森译, 北京: 清华大学出版社. [35] 程国栋, 2002.青藏铁路工程与多年冻土相互作用及环境效应.中国科学院院刊, 17(1):21-25. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KYYX200201006.htm [36] 程国栋, 2005. 中国冻土学研究50年成就与展望. 见: 马巍主编, 寒旱区工程与环境研究——程国栋院士七十华诞学术研讨会文集. 兰州: 兰州大学出版社, 57-83. [37] 程国栋, 周幼吾, 1988.中国冻土学的现状和展望.冰川冻土, 10(3):221-227. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT198803002.htm [38] 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室编, 2012. 现代汉语词典(第6版). 北京: 商务印书馆. [39] Glen, J.W., 1987.冰物理——一种最普通的物质仍在提出有趣的问题.周韬译, 冰川冻土, 9(3):215-220. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT198703003.htm [40] 郭正刚, 牛富俊, 湛虎, 等, 2007.青藏高原北部多年冻土退化过程中生态系统的变化特征.生态学报, 27(8):3294-3301. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STXB200708025.htm [41] 李新, 程国栋, 2002.冻土-气候关系模型评述.冰川冻土, 24(3):315-321. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT200203016.htm [42] 李志才, 1995.方法论全书(Ⅲ)自然科学方法.南京:南京大学出版社. [43] 林战举, 牛富俊, 罗京, 等, 2015.青藏工程走廊热融湖湖底热状态.地球科学, 40(1):179-188. http://www.earth-science.net/WebPage/Article.aspx?id=3018 [44] 罗栋梁, 金会军, 何瑞霞, 等, 2014.黄河源区植被对活动层温度和水分的影响.地球科学, 39(4):421-430. http://www.earth-science.net/WebPage/Article.aspx?id=2851 [45] 马巍, 牛富俊, 穆彦虎, 2012.青藏高原重大冻土工程的基础研究.地球科学进展, 27(11):1185-1191. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DXJZ201211000.htm [46] 王根绪, 胡宏昌, 王一博, 等, 2007.青藏高原多年冻土区典型高寒草地生物量对气候变化的响应.冰川冻土, 29(5):671-679. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT200705002.htm [47] 吴青柏, 刘永智, 童长江, 等, 2000.寒区冻土环境与工程环境间的相互作用.工程地质学报, 8(3):281-287. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCDZ200003004.htm [48] 吴青柏, 沈永平, 施斌, 2003.青藏高原冻土及水热过程与寒区生态环境的关系.冰川冻土, 25(3):250-255. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT200303001.htm [49] 姚檀栋, 秦大河, 沈永平, 等, 2013.青藏高原冰冻圈变化及其对区域水循环和生态条件的影响.自然杂志, 35(3):179-186. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZRZZ201303004.htm [50] 袁灿, 鲍健强, 许为民, 1993.科学技术研究方法论.杭州:浙江大学出版社. [51] 周幼吾, 郭东信, 邱国庆, 等, 2000.中国冻土.北京:科学出版社. [52] 周幼吾, 吴紫汪, 2010. 大兴安岭北部的冻土. 见: 吴紫汪, 周幼吾编, 冻土研究50年: 吴紫汪､周幼吾研究文集. 北京: 科学出版社, 38-55. -
下载:
点击查看大图
图(11)
计量
- 文章访问数: 4011
- HTML全文浏览量: 1084
- PDF下载量: 12
- 被引次数: 0
