Taketai Formation: A New Lithostratigraphic Unit of Late Devonian in Western Junggar
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摘要: 西准噶尔塔克台高原周围一套碎屑岩地层曾被划为下石炭统和布克河组(洪古勒楞组的晚出异名)，但其岩性组合、沉积环境与化石面貌均与和布克河组或洪古勒楞组的定义不符，也难以归纳到区域上其他已知地层单元中，故以此建立一个新的岩石地层单位：塔克台组，并分为上、下2段：下段为火山碎屑岩夹火山岩，上段为正常碎屑岩、火山碎屑岩、钙质碎屑岩夹少量灰岩、火山岩和薄煤层.该组与下伏文洛克统沙尔布尔组呈角度不整合接触，上未见顶，多门类动植物化石的发现限定了该组的时代为晚泥盆世，形成于水体逐渐变浅的滨、浅海至沼泽环境.塔克台组与邻区同期的朱鲁木特组、洪古勒楞组为同时异相关系，晚泥盆世研究区海水从西向东侵入并退出是造成这种同时异相关系的主要原因.Abstract: Based on the lithological association and sedimentary environments, the clastic stratal succession around the Taketai plateau in western Junggar is named as a new lithostratigraphic unit—Taketai Formation, which was previously assigned to the Early Carboniferous Hebukehe Formation. Taketai Formation can be subdivided into two members; the lower part is made up of volcanoclastic rocks intercalated with volcanic rocks, while the upper part is characterized by normal clastic rocks, volcanoclastic rocks and calcareous clastic rocks with a few limestones, volcanic rocks and thin coal seams. The Taketai Formation overlies the Wenlock Shaerbuer Formation in angular unconformity and its top is covered with Quaternary deposits. According to conodonts and other fossils preserved in the formation, Taketai Formation is considered to be the Late Devonian. It is formed from the littoral-neritic sea to swamp in a regression background. The same time-different stratum units of the Taketai Formation include the Zhulumute and Hongguleleng formations in adjacent regions, and it was caused by the Late Devonian marine transgression and regression from west to east in the study area.
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图 1 西准噶尔上泥盆统塔克台组层型剖面位置
Fig. 1. Sketch showing the location of the stratotype section of the Upper Devonian Taketai Formation in western Junggar
图 2 西准噶尔哈拉也门上泥盆统塔克台组实测地层TP23剖面
1~24与表 1数字分别对应
Fig. 2. The measured stratigraphic section of the Upper Devonian Taketai Formation in Halayemen, western Junggar (TP23)
图 3 西准噶尔哈拉也门煤矿上泥盆统塔克台组上段实测地层TP26剖面
1~13与表 3数字分别对应
Fig. 3. The measured stratigraphic section of the Upper Devonian Taketai Formation in Halayemen coal mine, western Junggar (TP26)
图 4 西准噶尔哈拉也门煤矿上泥盆统塔克台组上段实测地层TK01剖面
Fig. 4. The measured stratigraphic section of the Upper Devonian Taketai Formation in Halayemen coal mine, western Junggar (TK01)
图 5 西准噶尔上泥盆统塔克台组野外地质特征
a.塔克台组层型剖面景观，TP23剖面下、中部；b.上段薄-中层状正常碎屑岩，TP26剖面下部；c.下段凝灰质砾岩，TP23剖面，照片面平行层面；d.下段火山角砾岩，TP23剖面，照片面平行层面；e.下段火山尘凝灰岩，TP23剖面，照片面垂直层面；f.哈拉也门煤矿附近塔克台组上段露头景观；g.下段含植物根迹的凝灰质粉砂岩，TP23剖面，照片面平行层面；h~i.上段的可采煤层，哈拉也门煤矿；j.上段含鳞孢穗植物化石的含砾粗砂岩，哈拉也门煤矿，照片面垂直层面；k.上段粗砂岩中的植物茎干化石，哈拉也门煤矿，照片面平行层面
Fig. 5. Geological characteristics of the Upper Devonian Taketai Formation in western Junggar
图 6 西准噶尔上泥盆统塔克台组的分布与研究区地质简图
Fig. 6. Distribution of the Upper Devonian Taketai Formation and geological sketch of the study area in western Junggar
图 7 西准噶尔塔克台组上段中的海相动物化石
a~b.Syringothyris sp.，腹壳，背壳和基面，标本号：TKT-W1、TKT-W2；c.Spinatrypina? sp.，背壳，标本号：TKT-W3；d.Euchondria? sp.，左壳，标本号：TKT-SH1；e.Pleurophorella? sp.，右壳，标本号：TKT-SH2；f.Schizodus? sp.，右壳，标本号：TKT-SH3；g.Spathella? sp.，左壳TKT-SH4；h.Mourlonia sp.，内核，标本号：TKT-F1；i.Loxonema sp.，内核，标本号：TKT-F2；j.Edmondia? sp.，右壳，标本号：TKT-SH5；k, m, o.Pseudowaribole (Pseudowaribole) quaesita，近完整背壳，头盖，活动颊，标本号：TKT-S1、TKT-S2、TKT-S3；l.Eoschizodus? Sp.，右壳内膜，标本号：TKT-SH6；n.镜眼虫类(Phacopida)尾甲，标本号：TKT-S4.所有标本保存在中国地质大学(武汉)地球科学学院
Fig. 7. Marine animal fossils from the Upper Taketai Formation in western Junggar
图 8 西准噶尔泥盆系-下石炭统地层划分与对比
Fig. 8. Stratigraphic division and correlation of the Devonian to Lower Carboniferous in western Junggar
图 9 西准噶尔塔克台组上段沉积环境演变
1~13与表 3数字分别对应
Fig. 9. Evolution of sedimentary environments of the Upper Taketai Formation in western Junggar
图 10 西准噶尔沙尔布尔提山地层小区晚泥盆世-早石炭世地层时代划分
Fig. 10. Historical schemes of strata ages of the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous in the Shaerbuerti Mountains stratomicroregion, western Junggar
表 1 西准噶尔哈拉也门上泥盆统塔克台组实测地层剖面(TP23)
Table 1. The measured stratigraphic section of the Upper Devonian Taketai Formation in Halayemen, western Junggar (TP23)
第四系堆积物覆盖，未见顶 上泥盆统塔克台组上段(D3tkb) 总厚度475.5 m 24.灰褐、灰绿色安山岩、流纹岩. 74.5 m 23.灰绿、灰黄色中-厚层状凝灰质中细粒砂岩，局部含少量细砾(2~5 mm，棱角-次圆状)，夹-层厚为1~2 m的劣质煤及少量碳酸盐化安山岩. 327.9 m 22.灰绿、黄绿色薄-中层状凝灰质钙质极细-细粒岩屑砂岩与生物碎屑钙质砂岩不均匀互层，夹少量细砂岩、细砾岩，含双壳类Pleurophorella sp.，Euchondria sp.，Edmondia? sp.，Eoschizodus? sp.，Spathella? sp.，Schizodus? sp.，腕足动物Spinatrypina? sp.等及少量腹足类、苔藓虫化石. 73.1 m ——————整合—————— 上泥盆统塔克台组下段(D3tka) 总厚度2 544.2 m 21.灰褐、灰绿色中-厚层凝灰质砾岩、凝灰质含砾粗粒长石岩屑砂岩，夹钙质砂岩、灰岩团块或透镜体(10~50 cm). 235.9 m 20.灰紫色中-厚层极细-细粒晶屑沉凝灰岩，含少量灰岩团块(2~10 cm). 336.6 m 19.灰绿色中-厚层凝灰质含砾中粗粒长石岩屑砂岩，砾石大小多在2~5 mm. 22.6 m 18.灰紫色中-厚层凝灰质中细粒岩屑长石砂岩，局部含少量细砾，砾石呈棱角状-次圆状，大小多在3~10 mm，成分以火山岩为主. 40.7 m 17.灰绿、灰褐色凝灰质砾岩、凝灰质含砾中粗粒岩屑长石砂岩，砾石呈次棱角状-圆状，大小多在0.5~5.0 cm，最大可达10 cm，成分以火山岩为主，夹少量安山岩. 71.6 m 16.灰紫色中-厚层凝灰质含砾粗粒长石岩屑砂岩，夹少量凝灰质粉-细砂岩及凝灰质砾岩，含灰岩团块(最大可达0.5 m). 197.3 m 15.灰绿色厚层状粉-极细粒钙质晶屑沉凝灰岩，含少量灰岩团块(2~5 cm). 12.8 m 14.紫红色粉-极细粒钙质晶屑沉凝灰岩，劈理较发育，有辉绿岩、闪长玢岩岩脉侵入. 30.3 m 13.灰绿、灰褐色巨厚层状含晶屑火山灰凝灰岩，含少量灰岩团块或透镜体(2~10 cm). 24.8 m 12.灰紫-紫红色厚层-巨厚层火山尘凝灰岩. 115.4 m 11.灰绿、灰褐色厚层状极细-细粒钙质晶屑沉凝灰岩. 16.4 m 10.灰褐-灰紫色夹少量灰绿色厚层极细-细粒钙质晶屑沉凝灰岩，纹层较发育，含少量植物化石碎片；夹少量灰岩团块，其中含腕足动物、海百合茎碎片. 61.3 m 9.浅灰-灰褐色流纹岩，斑晶为钾长石(15%~20%)和烟灰色石英(8%)，大小多在0.5~3.0 mm. 88.6 m 8.灰紫色薄层状凝灰质极细-细粒长石砂岩与灰绿色薄层状凝灰质钙质中细粒岩屑长石砂岩不均匀互层. 26.2 m 7.灰绿、灰褐色中-厚层凝灰质粉-细砂岩，纹层发育，夹少量的凝灰质中粗粒砂岩. 163.3 m 6.灰紫、灰绿色安山质凝灰砾岩、凝灰质含砾粗砂岩，砾石呈次棱角状-圆状，大小多在2~10 cm. 539.5 m 5.灰绿、灰紫色含细粒火山角砾(棱角-次棱角装，2~10 mm)安山质粗粒晶屑凝灰岩. 71.1 m 4.灰绿、灰褐色凝灰质含砾粗砂岩、凝灰质砾岩，砾石呈次圆状-圆状，大小多在2~10 cm，成分以火山岩为主，夹少量杏仁状玄武安山岩. 425.7 m 3.灰绿色玄武安山岩. 15.5 m 2.灰绿色凝灰质含砾中粗粒砂岩、凝灰质砾岩，砾石呈次棱角状-圆状，大小多在1~5 cm，最大可达10 cm，成分以火山岩为主，夹少量辉石安山岩、安山岩. 22.8 m 1.灰绿色粉砂状钙质晶屑沉凝灰岩. 25.8 m 背斜核部，未见底，与核部的二长花岗岩脉呈侵入接触关系 
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表 2 西准噶尔额敏林场东南上泥盆统塔克台组地层剖面(Ⅳ)
Table 2. The stratigraphic section of the Upper Devonian Taketai Formation in southeastern Emin forest farm, western Junggar (Ⅳ)
上泥盆统塔克台组上段(D3tkb) ——————整合—————— 上泥盆统塔克台组下段(D3tka)视厚度 1 220.0 m 14.紫红色砾岩. 50.0 m 13.浅紫色含火山角砾凝灰熔岩. 50.0 m 12.淡紫色含火山角砾凝灰熔岩. 66.0 m 11.浅灰绿色、灰紫色互层的橄榄粗安岩夹角砾安山玢岩. 33.0 m 10.灰绿色杏仁状安山玢岩. 42.0 m 9.紫色橄榄安山玄武岩，向下逐渐相变为灰绿色. 115.0 m 8.淡紫色沸石化安山-玄武质火山角砾岩. 33.0 m 7.灰绿色安山玢岩夹安山角砾岩. 102.0 m 6.灰紫、灰绿色凝灰质砾岩夹凝灰质粗砂岩. 229.0 m 5.暗灰绿色夹暗紫色安山质含火山角砾岩屑晶屑凝灰岩. 215.0 m 4.暗灰色厚层块状沉凝灰岩夹凝灰质粉砂岩. 78.0 m 3.灰色中-薄层状粉砂岩、细砂岩夹厚层状粗砂岩. 84.0 m 2.灰色厚层块状凝灰质中粒砂岩. 77.0 m 1.深灰色中-薄层条带状凝灰质硅质砂岩，向西为灰色砂质砾岩. 46.0 m ~~~~~~~~角度不整合~~~~~~~~ 下伏地层：文洛克统沙尔布尔组(S2s)
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表 3 西准噶尔哈拉也门煤矿上泥盆统塔克台组上段实测地层剖面(TP26)
Table 3. The measured stratigraphic section of the Upper Devonian Taketai Formation in Halayemen coal mine, western Junggar (TP26)
第四系覆盖 上泥盆统塔克台组(D3tkb)上段 总厚度222.5 m 13.黑色劣质煤层，夹少量灰黄色薄层状中细粒砂岩. 76.7 m 12.浅黄褐色块状中粗粒钙质砂岩夹劣质煤层. 11.9 m 11.灰色中粗粒碳酸盐化橄榄玄武安山岩. 26.2 m 10.黑色劣质煤层. 11.2 m 9.灰黄色薄-中层状中粗粒砂岩，夹少量深灰色薄层状凝灰质熔岩. 10.7 m 8.灰黄色中-厚层含细砾粗砂岩与深灰色薄-中层状中粒钙质岩屑砂岩不均匀互层. 10.3 m 7.黄绿-灰黄色厚-巨厚层含生物碎屑中粒岩屑砂岩，局部含少量细砾(5~20 mm，次圆-圆状)，夹少量深灰色薄层凝灰质粉-细砂岩. 11.2 m 6.灰-灰绿色巨厚层-块状细粒岩屑长石砂岩，局部含少量细砾(3~15 mm，次棱角-次圆状)，顶部夹一层厚约半米的灰色薄层状泥质粉砂岩. 21.3 m 5.灰-灰绿色厚-巨厚层状细粒岩屑长石砂岩，顶部夹一层厚约1 m的灰、灰黄色薄层状泥质细-粉砂岩，含镜眼虫类三叶虫化石及其他动植物化石碎片. 13.7 m 4.灰绿-灰黄绿色细粒长石砂岩. 5.8 m 3.灰黄绿、灰褐色中-厚层状凝灰质细-极细粒绿泥石质长石砂岩与灰-灰黄色薄层状泥质细-粉砂岩不均匀互层，含动植物化石. 12.8 m 2.灰绿色中-厚层细-极细粒长石砂岩与灰、灰黄色薄层状泥质粉砂岩不均匀互层，含丰富的动植物化石. 3.7 m 1.灰-灰绿色中-厚层凝灰质细-极细粒长石砂岩，顶部夹一层厚约1 m的灰-灰黄色薄层状细-粉砂岩，水平层理较发育，含丰富的腕足动物Syringothyris sp.及双壳类、苔藓虫、海百合茎、植物碎片等化石. 7.0 m 未见底
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