Deformation Analyses and Their Geological Implications of Carboniferous-Permian Tectonic Transformation Period in Northwest Margin of Junggar Basin
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摘要: 通过对扎伊尔山至哈拉阿拉特山一带详细的构造变形分析, 揭示出准噶尔西北缘主要发育以下3组构造组合: 近南北向、北东-南西向和近东西向.其变形序列为: 晚石炭世早期, 发育近南北向褶皱-冲断构造; 晚石炭世时期, 近南北向构造线受牵引拖拽呈北东-南西向, 达尔布特、克拉玛依蛇绿混杂岩以右旋走滑拉出或侧向楔冲形式构造就位于上覆石炭系中; 晚石炭世晚期至二叠纪, 发育以达尔布特断裂为代表的北东-南西向伸展断裂, 伴随广泛的中基性岩脉及花岗岩侵入; 二叠纪末至三叠纪初, 发育广泛的近东西向劈理、哈山一带逆冲推覆构造及达尔布特左旋走滑活动.石炭纪至二叠纪, 西准地区经历了从俯冲到碰撞再到碰撞后陆内变形的演化过程, 伴随着挤压和伸展多期构造叠加, 充分体现了该地区复杂构造转换变形的动力学过程.Abstract: Detailed deformation analyses of the Zaire-Hala'alate Mountains show the following three different directional trends of regional structural features developed in the northwest margin of the Junggar basin: the south-north (S-N), northeast to southwest (NE-SW) and east-west (E-W) directions. The deformation sequences demonstrate that nearly S-N fold-thrust structures were developed during the early Late Carboniferous. During the late Late Carboniferous, nearly S-N tectonic orientation was transformed into the NE-SW direction by dragging. Meanwhile, the Darbut and Karamay ophiolitic mélanges were emplaced into the overlying Carboniferous strata by pulling-out under the control of dextral strike slip shearing or lateral wedge extrusion. Subsequently, NE-SW extensional faults, represented by the Darbut fault, were developed during the late Late Carboniferous to Permian, accompanied by extensive intrusion of intermediate to mafic dykes and granites. Between the end Permian and the Early Triassic, widespread E-W cleavages and thrust nappes in the Hala'alate Mountains were developed, and the Darbut sinistral strike slip fault was activated. From the Carboniferous to the Permian, the western Junggar underwent complicated evolutional processes including subduction, collision and intra-continental deformation, with multiphase tectonic overprints of compression and extension. The tectonic evolution history in the study area fully exhibits the regional geodynamic processes in the tectonic transformation deformation.
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图 1 中亚造山带构造分区
a.据Yang et al.(2012)改绘；b.研究区地质简图及剖面位置；c.白碱滩地质简图及闪长岩脉样品位置(N1016-1，GPS: 85°11′52.50″N, 45°51′52.65″E).1.第四系；2.新近系及古近系；3.下白垩统吐谷鲁群；4.上侏罗统齐古组；5.中侏罗统西山窑组；6.下侏罗统三工河组；7.下侏罗统八道湾组；8.上三叠统小泉沟组；9.上石炭-下二叠统佳木河组；10.中-上二叠统库吉尔台组；11.下-上石炭统哈拉阿拉特山组；12.下石炭统太勒古拉；13.下石炭统包古图组；14.下石炭统希贝库拉斯组；15.中泥盆统巴尔雷克组；16.中泥盆统库鲁木迪组；17.碱长花岗岩；18.花岗闪长岩；19.二长花岗岩；20.闪长岩脉(中基性岩墙)；21.蛇绿混杂岩
Fig. 1. Simplified tectonic divisions of the Central Asian orogenic belt
图 2 柳树沟-克拉玛依走廊带构造解剖及剖面
图a位置见图 1b
Fig. 2. Detailed structural maps and cross sections of the corridor from Liushugou to Karamay
图 3 成吉思汗山构造剖面(位置见图 1b，BJT-1)
1.凝灰质砂岩；2.凝灰质硅质粉砂岩；3.硅质岩；4.蛇纹片岩；5.玄武岩；6.硅质泥岩；7.凝灰质泥质砂岩；8.泥质砂岩；9.含砾砂岩；10.砂岩；11.砾岩；12.第四系；13.角度不整合界线；14.断层
Fig. 3. Structural cross section sketch of the Genghiskhan mountains
图 4 成吉思汗山构造变形特征
a、b.白碱滩一带褶皱及轴面产状；c.白碱滩褶皱轴面下半球极射赤平投影；d.白碱滩褶皱枢纽产状下半球极射赤平投影；e.晚期的正断层滑脱面及擦痕；f、g.白碱滩中基性岩脉展布特征；h.白碱滩中基性岩脉产状极点图
Fig. 4. Structural deformation characteristics of the Genghiskhan mountains
图 5 白碱滩地区克拉玛依蛇绿混杂岩构造变形特征
a.北亚带北西边界硅质岩透镜体；b.北亚带内部硅质岩透镜体；c.北亚带南东边界硅质岩透镜体及地层牵引；d.南亚带北西边界糜棱岩化及“σ型”透镜体；e、f.南亚带南东边界S型劈理化及玄武岩透镜体；g.玄武质透镜体受晚期左旋拉拽变形；h.佳木河组与蛇绿混杂岩呈角度不整合接触关系；i.佳木河组砾岩露头
Fig. 5. Structural deformation characteristics of the Karamay ophiolitic mélange in Baijiantan district
图 6 莫湖台地质构造剖面MHT-1
剖面MHT-1位置见图 1b.1.凝灰质砂岩；2.凝灰质硅质粉砂岩；3.硅质岩；4.蛇纹片岩；5.玄武岩；6.硅质泥岩；7.凝灰质泥质砂岩；8.泥质砂岩；9.含砾砂岩；10.断层；11.第四系
Fig. 6. Structural cross section MHT-1 sketch of Mohutai
图 7 达尔布特蛇绿混杂岩构造特征
a.玄武岩“S形”片理弯曲；b.蛇纹岩的“S形”强片理；c.玄武安山岩不对称透镜体呈右旋变形；d.紫红色硅质岩“σ型”构造透镜体；e.滑动面上的擦痕和阶步；f.构造透镜体被晚期左旋错断
Fig. 7. Structural deformation characteristics of the Darbut ophiolitic mélange
图 8 达尔布特断裂构造特征
a.达尔布特断层崖宏观；b.闪长岩脉被达尔布特次级断裂左旋切错(洛门沟)；c.残留蛇绿岩块体发生左旋肢解(石棉矿)；d.切错蛇纹岩，导致S形片理弯曲，指示剖面上的逆冲分量(达尔布特)；e.晚期正断层活动错落的闪长岩脉(达尔布特)
Fig. 8. Structural deformation characteristics of the Darbut fault
图 9 近南北向挤压作用形成的系列构造现象
a.近东西向劈理对近南北向延伸的硅质泥岩层的置换；b.劈理与近南北向层理的直交关系；c.东西向扩展形成的扩张石英脉
Fig. 9. Deformational structures formed by nearly NS compression
图 10 西准噶尔南部石炭系层理和劈理关系
位置见图 1b；黑色产状代表为层理；红色产状代表劈理
Fig. 10. Attitude relationship between bedding and cleavage in the Carboniferous strata of southern West Junggar
图 11 西准噶尔晚古生代花岗岩年龄统计直方图(a)和西准噶尔晚古生代中基性岩脉年龄统计直方图(b)
据a.高睿(2013)改绘
Fig. 11. Age histogram of the Late Paleozoic granitoids in the West Junggar (a) and Age histogram of the Late Paleozoic mafic dikes in the West Junggar (b)
表 1 西准噶尔中基性岩脉年龄及相关信息
Table 1. The geochronological information of intermediate to mafic dykes in the West Junggar
数据来源 方法 走向(°) 岩性 年龄(Ma) 样品位置 周晶等(2008) ICP-MS U-Pb 220 辉长岩 301.6 白碱滩后山 ICP-MS U-Pb 220 辉绿岩 313.9 白碱滩后山 李辛子等(2004) K-Ar 280~300 闪长玢岩 292.5±8.8 克拉玛依岩墙群 K-Ar 280~300 辉绿岩 265.5±5.4 克拉玛依岩墙群 K-Ar 280~300 闪长玢岩 271.5±8.1 克拉玛依岩墙群 K-Ar 280~300 辉长岩 267.1±8.0 克拉玛依岩墙群 康磊等(2009) ICP-MS U-Pb 280~310 辉绿岩、少量闪长质 296.9±9.8 夏尔莆岩体岩墙群 冯乾文等(2012a) ICP-MS U-Pb 310 闪长玢岩 303.1±1.2 克拉玛依岩墙群 角闪石Ar-Ar 310 闪长玢岩 312.1±2.8 克拉玛依岩墙群 徐芹芹(2008) 全岩Ar-Ar 220~230 辉绿岩 271.5±8.1 克拉玛依-达尔布特沿线 全岩Ar-Ar 220~230 闪长岩 265.6±5.4 全岩Ar-Ar 220~230 辉长岩 267.1±8.0 全岩Ar-Ar 220~230 辉绿岩 270.2±8.1 全岩Ar-Ar 220~230 闪长玢岩 256.5±7.7 Zhang et al.(2011) 全岩Ar-Ar 210~230 闪长岩 306.6±2.1 白碱滩野鸭沟 冯乾文等(2012b) ICP-MS U-Pb 环状100 闪长岩 304.0±1.0 红山岩体岩墙群 ICP-MS U-Pb 环状157 闪长岩 302.0±1.0 红山岩体岩墙群 ICP-MS U-Pb 环状78 闪长岩 303.0±1.0 红山岩体岩墙群 ICP-MS U-Pb 61 闪长玢岩 302.0±1.0 红山岩体岩墙群 ICP-MS U-Pb 94 闪长玢岩 302.0±1.0 红山岩体岩墙群 本项目 ICP-MS U-Pb 200~220 闪长岩 317.1±5.7 白碱滩后山 
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表 2 西准噶尔石炭-二叠纪构造转换期变形序列
Table 2. The deformation sequence of Carboniferous-Permian tectonic transformation period in West Junggar
序列 主要变形事件 发育时代 构造环境 伴生岩浆活动 D4 近南北向挤压，产生区带性、方位稳定的近东西向劈理，对早期褶皱-断裂构造产生横跨叠加；挤压分量产生系列北东向左旋走滑断裂，代表性的即达尔布特断裂和哈图北东向断裂系，切错其他不同方向构造，或牵引拖曳其他方向面理构造使之平行断裂的北东走向. 二叠纪末-三叠纪初 陆内挤压造山再次活动 陆内挤压-伸展交替 D3 达尔布特断裂正断层活动加剧，以库吉尔台组为代表的达尔布特河流相沉积开始发育；广泛的中基性岩墙群及碱性花岗岩侵入，以佳木河组为代表的陆内河流沉积形成. 晚石炭世晚期-二叠纪 后造山伸展 伸展型花岗岩及中基性岩脉 D2 近南北向褶皱-冲断构造被拖拽成北东-南西向，代表性的为成吉思汗山北东-南西向褶皱-断裂构造；达尔布特、白碱滩等蛇绿混杂岩系的右旋走滑或向南西方向的侧向楔冲变形，大陆边缘增生系统以右旋走滑拉出或侧向楔冲形式构造就位于上覆石炭系中. 晚石炭世 碰撞或后碰撞持续挤压 D1 柳树沟一带系列近南北向褶皱-冲断构造 晚石炭世早期 古亚洲洋闭合 岛弧型花岗岩
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