陕西镇安丘岭卡林型金矿金的赋存状态和富集机理

华曙光; 王力娟; 贾晓芳; 陈蕾; 李建威

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2012.107

陕西镇安丘岭卡林型金矿金的赋存状态和富集机理

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2012.107

华曙光^{1, 2},
王力娟³,
贾晓芳⁴,
陈蕾^{1, 5},
李建威^{1, 5, ,}

1.
中国地质大学资源学院, 湖北武汉 430074
2.
中国人民武装警察部队黄金第五支队, 陕西西安 710100
3.
吉林大学地球科学学院, 吉林长春 130061
4.
内蒙古自治区第四地质矿产勘查院, 内蒙古集宁 012000
5.
地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430074

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 41072057

国家自然科学基金项目 40821061

中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金 CUG090102

地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室科技部专项基金 MSFGPMR201205

详细信息

作者简介:
华曙光(1970-), 男, 博士, 高级工程师, 矿床学和矿产普查与勘探专业, 长期从事金矿成矿规律和找矿预测的研究

通讯作者:
李建威, E-mail: jwli@cug.edu.cn; jwli-cug@hotmail.com

中图分类号: P578.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2011-11-08
- 网络出版日期: 2021-11-10
- 刊出日期: 2012-09-15

Occurrence and Enrichment Mechanism of Gold in the Qiuling Carlin-Type Gold Deposit, Zhen'an County, Shaanxi Province, China

HUA Shu-guang^{1, 2},
WANG Li-juan³,
JIA Xiao-fang⁴,
CHEN Lei^{1, 5},
LI Jian-wei^{1, 5
, ,}

1.
Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
2.
No.5 Gold Geological Party of Chinese Armed Police Force, Xi'an 710100, China
3.
College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
4.
No.4 Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration of Inner Mongolia, Jining 012000, China
5.
State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

摘要

摘要: 丘岭金矿床是西秦岭地区重要的卡林型金矿之一, 金矿化赋存于上泥盆统南阳山组和下石炭统袁家沟组地层中, 容矿岩石的岩性为钙质粉砂岩、粉砂质页岩和泥质灰岩.金矿石中主要金属矿物为黄铁矿和毒砂, 非金属矿物则以石英、方解石和绢云母为主.通过对矿石矿物黄铁矿和毒砂的扫描电镜-能谱分析、电子探针分析和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱分析, 对丘岭金矿床金的赋存形式和富集机理进行了较为详细的研究.结果表明, 丘岭金矿床中金主要以次显微不可见金的形式存在, 其次为显微可见金.次显微金包括: (1)固溶体金(Au⁺), 主要存在于环带状细粒黄铁矿的含砷增生边区域和毒砂中, 少量存在于环带状黄铁矿的核部不含砷区域; (2)纳米级自然金颗粒(Au⁰), 存在于粗晶黄铁矿中.环带状细粒黄铁矿核部的次显微金可能主要以胶体吸附的形式存在, 暗示容矿岩石在沉积成岩过程中有金的初步富集, 而环带状黄铁矿幔部和毒砂中的Au则主要来源于成矿流体, 以S和As的络合物形式搬运.显微可见金主要分布在细粒黄铁矿的晶体边缘和热液蚀变绢云母、石英及方解石中, 粒径通常小于3~5 μm, 其形成可能与成矿流体中金的局部过饱和及成矿流体对细粒黄铁矿和毒砂中次显微金的活化和再次富集有关.
- 丘岭金矿 /
- 卡林型金矿 /
- 固溶体金 /
- 不可见金 /
- 西秦岭
Abstract: Located in the western Qinling orogen, the Qiuling gold deposit is a typical Carlin-type gold deposit. Gold mineralization is hosted in calcareous siltstones, silty shales, and argillaceous limestones of the Upper Devonian Nanyangshan Formation and the Lower Carboniferous Yuanjiagou Formation. Pyrite and arsenopyrite dominate the metallic minerals, whereas quartz, calcite, and sericite are the main non-metallic alteration minerals. An integration of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive system, electron microprobe, and laser ablation ICP-MS was used to study the occurrence, distribution, and enrichment mechanism of gold in the Qiuling gold deposit. The results indicate that gold occurs as submicroscopic and, less significantly, microscopic species. The submicroscopic gold is present as nanoparticles of native gold (Au⁰) in the coarse-grained pyrite and solid solution (Au⁺) in the arsenian rims of zoned pyrite and arsenopyrite, with lesser amount of gold nanoparticles in the As-deficient core of zoned pyrite. The sub-microscopic gold particles in the core of zoned pyrite were likely formed during the diagenesis of the host rocks through adsorption, while the structure-bounded Au (Au⁰ and Au⁺) in fine-grained zoned pyrite and arsenopyrite may have been transported as sulfur and arsenic complexes in ore-forming fluids of the main hydrothermal stage. Microscopic gold grains are mostly less than 3 to 5 μm in size and are contained in the marginal areas fine-grained pyrite and included in hydrothermal sericite, quartz, and calcite. They formed likely due to local saturation of gold in the ore fluids or as a result of leaching of the submicroscopic gold by late-stage fluids and subsequent re-precipitation.
- Qiuling gold deposit /
- Carlin-type gold deposit /
- gold solid solution /
- invisible gold /
- Qinling orogen

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图 1 丘岭卡林型金矿床矿区地质图(张复新和申萍，1996)

1.中石炭统四峡口组；2.下石炭统袁家沟组；3.上泥盆统南阳山组下段；4.上泥盆统南阳山组中段；5.上泥盆统南阳山组上段；6.上泥盆统冷水河组；7.地层界线；8.断层；9.破碎带；10.向斜；11.背斜；12.矿体及编号

Fig. 1. Geological map of the Qiuling gold deposit (modified from Zhang and Shen, 1996)

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图 2 丘岭金矿床矿石中黄铁矿及毒砂的形态和结构特征

a.草莓状黄铁矿；b.细粒黄铁矿和毒砂共生；c.粗晶黄铁矿与毒砂和石英共生并形成细脉；Py.黄铁矿；Apy.毒砂；Ser.绢云母；Cc.方解石；Qtz.石英

Fig. 2. Photomicrographs and SEM images of pyrite and arsenopyrite in the Qiuling gold deposit

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图 3 丘岭金矿床围岩蚀变类型

a.与金矿化密切相关的硅化，与之密切共生的蚀变有碳酸盐化和黄铁矿化和毒砂化；b.与金矿化无关的硅化，仅局部有少量黄铁矿与之共生；c.与大量毒砂和黄铁矿共生的绢云母化，与金矿化的关系密切；Py.黄铁矿；Apy.毒砂；Ser.绢云母；Cc.方解石；Qtz.石英

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs showing main alterations in the Qiuling gold deposit

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图 4 丘岭金矿床矿石中环带状细粒黄铁矿(灰色)和毒砂(白色)共生

Py.黄铁矿；Apy.毒砂

Fig. 4. SEM image of Fine-grained zoned pyrite and arsenopyrite

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图 5 丘岭卡林型金矿床中显微可见金的赋存形式

a.黄铁矿中的包裹金；b.石英中的包裹金；c.绢云母中的粒间金；Au.自然金；Py.黄铁矿；Apy.毒砂；Ser.绢云母；Qtz.石英；Cc.方解石

Fig. 5. Occurrence of microscopic gold grains in the Qiuling gold deposit

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图 6 丘岭金矿床不同成矿期次的黄铁矿和毒砂中As-S(a)和Au-Fe(b)的关系

Fig. 6. Correlation of As-S (a) and Au-Fe (b) in arsenopyrite and pyrite of different stages from the Qiuling gold deposit

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图 7 丘岭金矿床中环带状细粒黄铁矿(Py)和毒砂(Apy)的SEM图像及LA-ICP-MS分析区域

白色圆圈为LA-ICP-MS剥蚀位置；rim.幔部；core.核部

Fig. 7. The spots of LA-ICP-MS analyses of fine-grained pyrite from the Qiuling gold deposit

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图 8 丘岭金矿床QL17样品的LA-ICP-MS连续点分析图解

红线代表¹⁹⁷Au信号，黑线代表⁵⁷Fe信号，蓝线代表⁷⁵As

Fig. 8. The line scan of sample QL17 from Qiuling gold deposit

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图 9 丘岭金矿床不同期次黄铁矿和毒砂中Au-As的相关性图解(图例同图 6)

阴影区域表示固溶体金

Fig. 9. Correlation of Au-As in arsenopyrite and pyrite of different stages from the Qiuling gold deposit

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表 1 金矿石-锑金矿石化学分析结果

Table 1. Elemental concentrations in Au ores and Au-Sb ores of the Qiuling gold deposit

样品号	As	Au	S	Fe	Ag	Sb	Hg	Zn	Cu	Pb
QL31-2	1.130	0.023	1.95	3.40	＜0.2	8	1	63	33	13
QL31-3	3.340	5.120	3.02	3.91	0.4	19	1	100	48	12
QL31-5	2.120	3.540	3.12	4.00	0.3	16	1	67	80	11
QL58	3.980	3.870	2.93	4.55	0.4	18	1	42	52	3
QL61	0.040	0.765	1.90	1.67	＜0.2	10	1	48	21	12
QL35	5.440	0.612	4.00	6.06	＜0.2	21	＜1	48	24	4
QL40	1.760	6.050	3.12	3.76	＜0.2	11	1	43	42	9
QL26	0.380	0.553	0.88	1.25	＜0.2	9	＜1	21	30	6
QL52	1.100	0.090	2.47	4.75	＜0.2	12	1	65	46	6
QL59	2.790	6.940	4.67	5.42	＜0.2	14	1	67	45	10
QL47	0.007	0.011	＜0.01	0.74	＜0.2	3	＜1	6	2	7
QL60	0.040	0.474	2.40	1.89	＜0.2	7	＜1	27	18	12
注：As, S, Fe的单位为wt.%, 其余元素的单位为10^-6.样品分析在澳实分析(广州)检测有限公司完成.其中金和银用火试金重量法分析，铅和锌用滴定法分析，其余元素用四酸消解法电感耦合等离子体发射光谱测定.

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表 2 黄铁矿和毒砂的电子探针分析结果

Table 2. Electron microprobe analysis results of arsenopyrite and pyrite

样品号	矿物	Fe	S	Au	As	Cu	Zn	Pb	Co	Ni	Total
QL61-11	草莓状黄铁矿	45.08	53.96	-	-	-	-	0.17	bdl	0.06	99.29
QL61-11		45.32	53.91	-	-	-	-	0.17	bdl	0.25	99.68
QL61-13		44.04	50.37	-	-	-	bdl	0.20	-	-	94.67
QL61-13		45.15	54.25	213	-	bdl	0.13	0.27	-	-	99.85
QL61-13		44.08	50.48	-	-	bdl	0.19	0.21	bdl	bdl	95.00
QL61-13		43.57	50.56	-	-	-	bdl	0.12	bdl	0.04	94.36
QL61-1	细粒黄铁矿	44.64	51.30	bdl	-	0.11	-	0.24	0.10	0.14	96.54
QL61-1		44.94	51.45	bdl	-	bdl	-	0.18	bdl	-	96.61
QL61-4		43.21	51.98	-	-	bdl	-	0.12	bdl	0.06	95.42
QL61-6		44.41	53.27	202	-	-	-	0.15	-	0.02	97.87
QL61-6		44.43	53.80	-	-	bdl	-	0.22	0.08	0.12	98.65
QL61-6		44.55	51.97	-	-	-	-	0.24	bdl	-	96.77
QL61-6		44.47	52.96	-	-	bdl	-	0.27	bdl	0.03	97.78
QL61-6		43.54	51.32	164	-	-	bdl	0.22	-	bdl	95.14
QL61-6		44.23	53.26	-	-	0.14	-	0.26	0.03	0.12	98.04
QL100-2		42.49	44.70	-	5.67	-	-	0.18	bdl	-	93.07
QL100-2		42.04	43.72	800	5.01	-	-	0.13	bdl	0.04	91.02
QL100-2		42.03	47.52	-	1.09	0.45	-	0.26	0.41	0.16	91.95
QL100-2		41.89	42.68	-	8.81	0.50	-	0.31	0.82	5.47	100.48
QL100-2		41.57	42.11	144	6.21	bdl	-	0.19	bdl	0.02	90.19
QL100-2		43.60	43.04	-	4.98	bdl	-	bdl	bdl	0.03	91.74
QL100-2		44.20	47.99	-	4.08	bdl	-	0.27	0.12	0.36	97.05
QL100-2		43.22	47.64	-	3.30	-	-	0.25	0.70	1.60	96.71
QL61-7	粗晶黄铁矿	44.80	51.43	167	0.56	bdl	-	0.13	bdl	-	96.94
QL61-7		45.08	50.99	-	-	-	-	0.16	-	-	96.24
QL61-7		44.71	50.10	-	0.11	-	-	0.06	-	-	94.98
QL61-7		43.48	50.61	241	-	bdl	bdl	0.20	-	-	94.42
QL61-7		45.34	51.53	-	-	bdl	bdl	0.16	bdl	-	97.17
QL61-7		45.17	51.66	-	-	-	bdl	0.18	bdl	-	97.12
QL61-8		44.13	53.84	178	-	-	-	bdl	-	1.50	99.56
QL100-1	毒砂	36.19	19.29	421	36.81	-	-	bdl	-	-	92.34
QL100-1		35.97	19.52	407	39.46	-	-	bdl	bdl	-	95.04
QL100-1		35.52	17.76	401	38.73	-	-	0.20	-	-	92.25
QL100-1		35.11	18.01	300	40.08	-	-	0.11	bdl	-	93.35
QL100-1		35.74	17.37	462	37.72	bdl	-	bdl	bdl	-	90.99
QL100-1		37.12	20.08	254	37.35	bdl	-	0.12	bdl	-	94.74
QL100-1		36.55	18.81	160	33.88	bdl	-	bdl	bdl	-	89.32
QL100-1		34.72	15.96	930	38.99	bdl	-	bdl	bdl	-	89.82
QL100-1		35.70	16.80	835	37.15	bdl	-	bdl	-	-	89.78
注：“bdl”表示低于检出限；“-”表示不存在；Au的单位为10^-6；其他元素的单位为wt.%.

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表 3 黄铁矿的LA-ICP-MS分析结果(10^-6)

Table 3. LA-ICP-MS analysis results of pyrite

矿物	位置	Co	Ni	Au	As	Ag	Sb	Pb	Bi
黄铁矿1	幔部	5.20	38.76	83.05	48 404	-	128.88	36.70	-
	核部	-	-	12.08	46 127	12.66	491.86	53.20	-
	幔部	9.47	117.20	77.74	46 917	13.32	1 162.49	49.60	-
黄铁矿2	幔部	-	-	17.56	60 121	-	59.70	32.48	-
	幔部	-	-	16.76	89 742	-	31.50	15.55	-
	核部	-	-	-	18 143	3.14	192.05	255.12	2.99
黄铁矿3	幔部	30.50	176.80	6.34	87 775	-	84.20	32.29	3.27
	幔部	8.98	67.58	21.06	73 401	3.81	63.92	25.55	2.94
	幔部	8.22	71.35	1.56	79 652	-	43.87	14.84	3.45
	幔部	-	-	2.60	83 164	-	81.36	32.70	3.51
黄铁矿4	幔部	9.18	50.41	66.33	41 519	-	453.43	24.28	-
	幔部	-	35.56	4.30	47 402	4.64	373.41	48.82	2.56
黄铁矿5	幔部	17.89	145.26	10.51	75 161.21	-	46.95	14.69	-
	幔部	-	-	7.31	83 203.51	-	35.85	14.45	2.25
黄铁矿6	整体	5.07	55.15	6.71	83 649.77	-	46.23	19.26	2.40
注：“-”表示不存在.

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