Distribution of Black Shale in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations (Ordovician-Silurian), South China: Major Controlling Factors and Implications
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摘要: 在回顾五峰组-龙马溪组两个地层单位沿革并重申其定义与划分基础上, 重建了华南五峰组-龙马溪组及其相关地层序列的区域地层框架.根据这一框架中奥陶-志留纪黑色笔石岩系的穿时性、以及相关地层序列纵向演化特征与岩石圈板块挠曲模式的联系, 结合所发现钾质斑脱岩源岩的板块汇聚背景, 以及该阶段海平面升降与黑色岩系对应关系, 提出控制该阶段华南黑色岩系的时空展布格局的主要因素有两个, 即该阶段自南东向北西的华夏地块与扬子地块幕式汇聚过程所产生的岩石圈板块挠曲-周缘前陆盆地的同向迁移, 以及该阶段两次全球性的三级海平面变化快速上升阶段所导致的缺氧及欠补偿水体.本文认为, 要在华南奥陶-志留纪(包括其他断代) 寻找其他可能的烃源岩层位, 可能要首先考虑类似背景下这两种因素综合作用所导致的快速沉降及深水缺氧的沉积环境.Abstract: Review of lithostratigraphic criteria for subdividing the Wufeng (Ordovician) and Longmaxi (Silurian) formations reaffirms their integrity and subdivisions and provides new regional correlations between the formations and related stratigraphic successions and facies. Both the black shales and the related overlying flysch deposits and other successions at the Ordovician-Silurian transition in South China appear to have migrated northwestward in time and space, reflecting probable flexural control in a foreland basin that developed in response to subduction-type orogeny southeast of the Yangtze block. The black shales also contain K-bentonites from explosive, felsic-intermediate volcanism, the distribution of which also supports orogeny to the southeast. Finally, analysis of sequence stratigraphy, which shows that the initiation of transgressive system tracts (TST) and condensed section (cs) in the related 3rd-order sequences coincided with the two black-shale horizons respectively, indicates that the major controlling factors for the deposition of the Ordovician-Silurian black shales in South China are (1) northwestwardly migrating, foreland-basin subsidence caused by deformational loading related to episodic accretion of the Cathaysia block to the Yangtze block during this period, and (2) the anoxic, sediment-starved water column caused by rapid rise of the sea level during the two successive phases of the 3rd-order, eustatic, sea-level rise near the Ordovician-Silurian transition in South China. In the future exploration for source rocks from the area in various periods, consideration of likely flexural and eustatic causes for subsiding, deep, anoxic seas may be important in recognizing other source-rock intervals.
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图 1 华南奥陶纪-志留纪构造-沉积分区及研究剖面分布示意图(据Wang et al. (2005)、苏文博(2001), Su (2007)修改)
Fig. 1. Sketch of Ordovician-Silurian tectonic units and depositional facies zones and studied sections, South China
图 2 华南五峰组-龙马溪组及其相关地层序列对比
年代地层划分据Gradstein et al. (2004)及陈旭等(2006); 岩石地层划分及其对比参照汪啸风等(1996)、汪啸风和陈孝红(2005)、陈旭和戎嘉余(1996)、傅力浦和宋礼生(1986)、刘义仁和傅汉英(1989)、金淳泰等(1992)及苏文博(2001)等综合; GYQM=观音桥段; Gr. M=笔石页岩段; UM=上段; LM=下段; 灰黑色条带代表黑色-灰黑色碳硅质笔石页岩层位
Fig. 2. Correlation of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations and the related stratigraphic successions in South China
图 3 扬子地台奥陶纪-志留纪初层序地层及海平面变化与全球主要古大陆对比图(据苏文博(2001)及Su (2007)修改)
图中灰色条带为相关的全球性海平面上升事件, 图右为对应层位烃源岩特征.其中六方形为已知烃源岩层位, 菱形代表目前确认可能性最大的层位, 椭圆形为可能存在的层位
Fig. 3. Ordovician-earliest Silurian sequence stratigraphy and sea-level changes at the Yangtze platform and their correlation with other main paleo-continents around the world
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