Characteristics of Clay Minerals in the Northern South China Sea and Its Implications for Evolution of East Asian Monsoon since Miocene
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摘要: 应用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 和X射线能谱(EDS) 分析技术对南海北部ODP1146站中新世以来(~20 Ma) 粘土矿物的组成、结晶学特征、微形貌和化学成分进行了研究, 分析了粘土矿物的物质来源及其记录的东亚季风演化历史.1146站粘土矿物组合的总体特点是以伊利石和蒙脱石为主, 高岭石和绿泥石含量较低.物源分析表明, 1146站蒙脱石主要来自于吕宋岛, 伊利石和绿泥石来自于珠江和台湾(长江), 而高岭石则主要来自于珠江.1146站的粘土矿物不仅被南海周围物源的同时代气候所控制, 而且为相互消长的不同传输作用(表层洋流) 的强度所影响.1146站(伊利石+绿泥石) /蒙脱石比值可以用来作为东亚季风演化的矿物学标志.指标变化显示出东亚冬季风强度和冬季风相对夏季风的强度在15 Ma、8 Ma和3 Ma左右发生了3次显著加强, 结果可以与黄土、北太平洋风尘沉积、南海微体古生物记录等很好对比.青藏高原的阶段性隆升可能促进了东亚季风的这3次加强.Abstract: Clay mineral assemblages, crystallinity, chemistry and micromorphology of clay particles in sediments from ODP Site 1146 in the northern South China Sea (SCS) were analyzed and used to trace sediment sources and obtain proxy records of past changes in the East Asian monsoon climate since the Miocene based on a multi-approach including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDS).Clay minerals mainly consist of illite and smectite, with associated chlorite and kaolinite.The illite at ODP Site 1146 has very well-to-well crystallinity, and smectite has moderate-to-poor crystallinity.In SEM the smectite particles at ODP Site 1146 often appear cauliflower-like, a typical micromorphology of volcanic smecites.The smectite at ODP Site 1146 is relatively rich in Si element, but poor in Fe, very similar to the smectite from the West Philippine Sea.In contrast, the chemical composition of illite at ODP Site 1146 has no obvious differences from those of the Loess, Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Pearl River.Sediment source studies indicate that smectite originates mainly from Luzon, kaolinite from the Pearl River and illite and chlorite from the Pearl River, Taiwan and/or the Yangtze River respectively.The clay mineral assemblages at ODP Site 1146 were not only controlled by the continental weathering regimes surrounding the SCS but also by the changing strength of the transport processes.The ratios of (illite+chlorite) /smectite at ODP Site 1146 were adopted as proxies for East Asian monsoon evolution.The consistent variation of this clay proxy with those from loess, eolian deposition in the North Pacific and planktonic and benthic foraminifera, and black carbon in the SCS since 20 Ma shows that three profound shifts of the East Asian winter monsoon intensity, aridity in the Asian inland and the intensity of winter monsoon relative to summer monsoon, occurred at ~ 15 Ma, ~ 8 Ma and the youngest at about 3 Ma.The phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau may have played a significant role in strengthening the Asian monsoon at 15 Ma, 8 Ma and 3 Ma.
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Key words:
- clay minerals /
- sediment source analysis /
- East Asian monsoon /
- Miocene /
- South China Sea
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图 1 ODP184航次站位和南海的陆源物质输入示意图
图中白色星星表示所取河流样品位置; 空心圈表示西菲律宾表层样位置; 黑色实体箭头和数字所表示的年悬浮物输送量数据来自Milliman and Meade (1983)、Milliman and Kao (2005);表层洋流分布来自Liu et al., (2003)
Fig. 1. Map showing ODP Leg 184 drilling sites in the SCS and terrigenous materials delivering to the sea
图 2 近20 Ma以来ODP1146站粘土矿物组成以及结晶度指数的变化
其中1148站δ18O曲线经过了15点滑动平均, 其余为3点平均
Fig. 2. Variation of clay mineral assemblages and crystallinity index at ODP Site 1146 since about 20 Ma
图 3 粘土矿物的扫描电镜照片
a. ODP1146站蒙脱石; b, ODP1146站伊利石; c. ODP1146站绿泥石; d.珠江口伊利石和高岭石
Fig. 3. The SEM photos of clay minerals at ODP Site 1146
图 4 不同地区的粘土矿物XRD图谱(乙二醇饱和条件) 对比
Fig. 4. Comparison of XRD diagrams (EG) of clay minerals from various regions
图 5 不同地区的粘土矿物三组分图解
Fig. 5. Ternary diagram showing extent of variation in clay-mineral composition of clays from various regions
图 6 近20 Ma以来东亚季风演化的海洋和陆地记录
其中: 北太平洋ODP885/886站风尘堆积速率来自Rea et al. (1998);祁南QA-1剖面黄土沉积速率来自Guo et al. (2002);1146站N. dutertrei (%) 来自Zheng et al. (2004);ODP1148底栖有孔虫δ18O来自Cheng et al. (2004), 粗线表示经过了三点滑动平均
Fig. 6. Marine and terrestrial records of the East Asian monsoon evolution since 20 Ma
表 1 ODP1146站、黄土、珠江口沉积物EDS分析结果(%)
Table 1. Chemical compositions of clay minerals in sediments from ODP Site 1146, loess and Pearl River by EDS analysis
表 2 不同地区粘土矿物化学成分比较(%)
Table 2. Comparison of chemical composition of clay minerals from various regions
表 3 不同地区的粘土矿物组成和结晶度指数
Table 3. Mineral assemblages and crystallinity index of clays from various regions
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