Geochemistry and Genesis of the Yeba Volcanic Rocks in the Gangdise Magmatic Arc, Tibet
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摘要: 叶巴组早侏罗世双峰式火山岩分布在拉萨、达孜至墨竹工卡之间, 岩性为浅变质玄武岩、玄武质熔结凝灰岩、英安岩、酸性凝灰岩及火山角砾岩等.火山岩SiO2含量集中在41%~50.4%和64%~69%两个区间, 为钙碱性系列的玄武岩和英安岩2类.玄武岩的显著特征是TiO2含量极低, 仅为0.66%~1.01%, 远低于大陆拉斑玄武岩.玄武岩的稀土总量∑REE=60.3~135μg/g, 英安岩的稀土总量∑REE=126.4~167.9μg/g.玄武岩和英安岩具有相似的稀土和微量元素特征, 两者均为轻稀土富集型, 分布特征相似, 轻、重稀土的分馏较明显, Eu异常均不显著; 均表现为LILE、LREE富集, HFS、HREE亏损的特点.玄武岩亏损Ti、Ta、Nb、Zr, Nb和Ta仅略负亏损, Nb*=0.54~1.17, 平均为0.84;英安岩亏损HFS中P、Ti, Ta、Nb略负异常, Nb*=0.74~1.06, 平均为0.86.玄武岩类的εNd(t) =0.96~10.03、(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7043~0.7064, 英安岩的εNd(t) =-1.42~1.08、(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7038~0.7049.从微量元素和同位素成分看, 玄武岩和英安岩浆起源于俯冲带之上的地幔楔不同程度的部分熔融, 源岩可能是亏损的尖晶石二辉橄榄岩.源区曾受到具地壳成分特征的流体不均匀交代.后期变质作用对岩石大离子亲石元素含量有影响.叶巴组双峰式火山岩形成于成熟岛弧后期的短暂拉张环境, 是印支期冈底斯岩浆弧演化的结果.Abstract: The Early Jurassic Yeba bimodal volcanic rocks occur among Lhasa, Dazi and Mozhugongka, with major rocks of metabasalt, basaltic ignimbrite, dacite, silicic tuff and volcanic breccia. SiO2 contents in lava rocks are 41%-50.4% and 64%-69%, belonging to calc-alkaline basalt and dacite. One notable feature of basalt is its low TiO2 contents, 0.66%- 1.01%, much lower than those of continental tholeiite. The ∑REE contents of basalt and dacite are 60.3-135 μg/g and 126.4-167.9 μg/g respectively. Both rocks have similar REE and other trace element characteristics, with enriched LREE and LILE relative to HREE and HFS, similar REE plots and without Eu anomaly. The basalts have depleted Ti, Ta, Zr and Nb and slightly negative Nb and Ta anomalies, with Nb*=0.54-1.17 and an average of 0.84. The dacites have depleted P and Ti and also slightly negative Nb and Ta anomalies, with Nb*=0.74-1.06 and an average of 0.86.The εNd(t), (87Sr/86Sr)i values for basalts are 0.96-10.03 and 0.704 3-0.706 4. These values for dacites are (-1.42) -1.08 and 0.703 8- 0.704 9 respectively. Trace elemental and isotopic studies suggest that both basalt and dacite originated from partial melting of the mantle wedge at different degrees above subducted belt. The spinel lherzolite in upper mantle is likely the source rocks for the bimodal volcanic rocks, which might have undergone selective metasomasis of crustal fluids. Metamorphism at late stage made influence on the LILE contents. The Yeba bimodal volcanic rocks formed in temporal extensional environment in mature island arc settings, resulting from the Indosinian Gangdise magmatic arc.
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图 1 研究区地质略图
1.念青唐古拉群; 2.早古生代地层; 3~6.晚古生代地层, 主要为原旁多群、松多群、洛巴堆组等; 7.早—中三叠世, 主要指查曲浦组; 8.修康群郎杰学群浊积岩; 9.日当组砂泥岩; 10.晚侏罗—早白垩世, 主要指原多底沟群(J3); 11.竞柱山组碎屑岩; 12.老第三纪火山岩, 主要指林子宗群; 13.达孜县附近的叶巴组, 以火山岩为主; 14.1∶20万工布江达县—墨竹工卡县南部的叶巴组, 为酸性火山岩和沉积岩互层; 15.冈底斯花岗岩; 16.剖面及采样位置; 17.地质界线
Fig. 1. Sketch geological map of studied region
图 2 玄武质玻屑熔结凝灰岩
样品号BD09, 位于百定村西约2 km.深色部分为玄武质玻屑, 浅色部分为浆屑, 均呈拉长的塑性流动特征.不规则空隙由变质矿物碳酸盐、石英、绿帘石等充填, 单偏光
Fig. 2. Basaltic ignimbrite showing glass (dark) and magma (grey) clastes
图 3 叶巴组火山岩分类图
a.TAS硅碱图(LeMaitre, 1989, 转引自Rollison, 1992); Pc.苦橄玄武岩; U1.碱玄岩、碧玄岩; U2.响岩、碱玄岩; U3.碱玄响岩; U4.响岩; S1.粗面玄武岩; S2.玄武质粗面响岩; S3.粗面安山岩; T.粗面岩; R.流纹岩; B.玄武岩; 01.玄武安山岩; 02.安山岩; 03.英安岩; b图据Winchester and Floyd (1977); (1) 拉斑玄武岩; (2) 安山岩、玄武岩; (3) 安山岩; (4) 流纹英安岩、英安岩; (5) 流纹岩; (6) 碱性流纹岩; (7) 响岩; (8) 粗面岩; (9) 碧玄岩; (10) 碱玄岩
Fig. 3. Classification diagram for the Yeba volcanic rocks
图 5 叶巴组玄武岩构造环境判别
a.Zr-Y-Nb判别图(底图据Rollison, 1992); A1.板内碱性玄武岩; A2.板内碱性玄武岩+板内拉斑玄武岩; B.E-MORB; C.板内拉斑玄武岩+火山弧玄武岩; D.火山弧玄武岩+N-MORB; b.Th/Hf-Ta/Hf判别图(底图据汪云亮等, 2001); Ⅰ.板块发散边缘N-MORB区; Ⅱ.板块汇聚边缘(Ⅱ1.大洋岛弧玄武岩区; Ⅱ2.陆缘岛弧及陆缘火山弧玄武岩区); Ⅲ.大洋板内洋岛、海山玄武岩区及T-MORB、E-MORB区; Ⅳ.大陆板内(Ⅳ1.陆内裂谷及陆缘裂谷拉斑玄武岩区; Ⅳ2.陆内裂谷碱性玄武岩区; Ⅳ3.大陆拉张带或初始裂谷玄武岩区); Ⅴ.地幔柱玄武岩区
Fig. 5. Tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams for basalts in the Yeba volcanic rocks
图 7 部分熔融及其程度判别
a, b, c图中圆点为玄武岩, 方块为英安岩, 两者均为斜线排列, 说明是部分熔融形成; d图中圆点为玄武岩、十字为英安岩, 直线上标明的百分数为部分熔融程度
Fig. 7. Partial melting discrimination and its degree diagrams
表 1 叶巴组火山岩常量元素(%) 和微量元素(10-6) 分析
Table 1. Major (%) and trace element (10-6) data for the Yeba volcanic rocks
表 2 叶巴组火山岩Sr-Nd同位素组成
Table 2. Sr-Nd isotopic analyses of the Yeba volcanic rocks
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